Chronic HIV-infected children suffer from premature aging and aging-related diseases. Viral replication induces an ongoing inflammation process, with the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the activation of the immune system, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Although combined highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly modified the natural course of HIV infection, normalization of T and B cell phenotype is not completely achievable; thus, many HIV-infected children display several phenotypical alterations, including higher percentages of activated cells, that favor an accelerated telomere attrition, and higher percentages of exhausted and senescent cells. All these features ultimately lead to the clinical manifestations related to premature aging and comorbidities typically observed in older general population, including non-AIDS-related malignancies. Therefore, even under effective treatment, the premature aging process of HIV-infected children negatively impacts their quality and length of life. This review examines the available data on the impact of HIV and ART on immune and biological senescence of HIV-infected children.

中文翻译：

---

围产期感染艾滋病毒儿童的生物衰老和免疫衰老。


慢性感染艾滋病毒的儿童患有过早衰老和与衰老相关的疾病。病毒复制会诱导持续的炎症过程，释放病原体相关分子模式 (PAMP) 和损伤相关分子模式 (DAMP)、激活免疫系统以及产生促炎细胞因子。尽管联合高效抗逆转录病毒疗法 (ART) 已显着改变了 HIV 感染的自然病程，但 T 细胞和 B 细胞表型的正常化仍无法完全实现；因此，许多感染艾滋病毒的儿童表现出多种表型改变，包括较高百分比的活化细胞（有利于端粒加速磨损），以及较高百分比的衰竭细胞和衰老细胞。所有这些特征最终导致与过早衰老和通常在老年人群中观察到的合并症相关的临床表现，包括非艾滋病相关的恶性肿瘤。因此，即使得到有效的治疗，艾滋病毒感染儿童的过早衰老过程也会对其生命质量和寿命产生负面影响。本综述审查了有关艾滋病毒和抗逆转录病毒治疗对艾滋病毒感染儿童的免疫和生物衰老影响的现有数据。