Three-dimensional printing has already been shown to be beneficial to the fabrication of custom-fit and functional products in different industry sectors such as orthopaedics, implantology and dental technology. Especially in personal protective equipment and sportswear, three-dimensional printing offers opportunities to produce functional garments fitted to body contours by directly printing protective and (posture) supporting elements on textiles. In this article, different flexible thermoplastic elastomers, namely, thermoplastic polyurethanes and thermoplastic styrene block copolymers with a Shore hardness range of 67A–86A are tested as suitable printing materials by means of extrusion-based fused deposition modelling. For this, adhesion force, abrasion and wash resistance tests are conducted using various knitted and woven workwear and sportswear fabrics primarily made of cotton, polyester or aramid as textile substrates. Due to polar interactions between thermoplastic polyurethane and textile substrates, excellent adhesion and high fastness to washing is observed. While fused-deposition-modelling-printed polyether-based thermoplastic polyurethane polymers keep their abrasion–resistant properties, polyester-based thermoplastic polyurethanes are more prone to hydrolysis and can be partially degraded if presence of moisture cannot be excluded during polymer processing and printing. Thermoplastic styrene compounds generally exhibit lower adhesion and abrasion resistance, but these properties can be sufficient depending on the requirements of a particular application. Soft thermoplastic styrene filaments can be processed down to a Shore hardness of 70A resulting in three-dimensional printed parts with good quality and comfortable soft-touch surface. Finally, three demonstrator case studies are presented covering the entire process to realize the customized and three-dimensional printed textile. This encompasses product development and fabrication of a textile integrated custom-fit back protector and knee protector as well as customized functionalization of a technical interior textile for improved acoustic comfort. In the future, printing material modifications by compounding processes have to be taken into account for optimized functional performance.

中文翻译：

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测试热塑性弹性体被选为功能性服装和技术纺织品应用的柔性 3D 打印材料

3D 打印已被证明有利于不同行业领域的定制和功能产品的制造，如骨科、种植学和牙科技术。尤其是在个人防护装备和运动服方面，3D 打印提供了通过在纺织品上直接打印保护和（姿势）支撑元素来生产贴合身体轮廓的功能性服装的机会。在本文中，不同的柔性热塑性弹性体，即肖氏硬度范围为 67A-86A 的热塑性聚氨酯和热塑性苯乙烯嵌段共聚物，通过基于挤出的熔融沉积建模被测试为合适的打印材料。为此，粘附力，耐磨性和耐洗性测试是使用主要由棉、聚酯或芳纶制成的各种针织和机织工作服和运动服织物作为纺织基材进行的。由于热塑性聚氨酯和纺织品基材之间的极性相互作用，观察到优异的附着力和高耐洗牢度。虽然熔融沉积成型印刷的聚醚基热塑性聚氨酯聚合物保持其耐磨性能，但聚酯基热塑性聚氨酯更容易水解，如果在聚合物加工和印刷过程中不能排除水分的存在，则可能会部分降解。热塑性苯乙烯化合物通常表现出较低的附着力和耐磨性，但根据特定应用的要求，这些特性可能已经足够了。柔软的热塑性苯乙烯长丝可以加工成肖氏硬度为 70A 的材料，从而产生具有良好质量和舒适柔软触感表面的 3D 打印部件。最后，展示了三个演示案例研究，涵盖了实现定制和 3D 印花纺织品的整个过程。这包括纺织品集成定制背部保护器和膝盖保护器的产品开发和制造，以及技术内饰纺织品的定制功能化，以提高声学舒适度。未来，为了优化功能性能，必须考虑通过复合工艺对印刷材料进行修改。最后，展示了三个演示案例研究，涵盖了实现定制和 3D 印花纺织品的整个过程。这包括纺织品集成定制背部保护器和膝盖保护器的产品开发和制造，以及技术内饰纺织品的定制功能化，以提高声学舒适度。未来，为了优化功能性能，必须考虑通过复合工艺对印刷材料进行修改。最后，展示了三个演示案例研究，涵盖了实现定制和 3D 印花纺织品的整个过程。这包括纺织品集成定制背部保护器和膝盖保护器的产品开发和制造，以及技术内饰纺织品的定制功能化，以提高声学舒适度。未来，为了优化功能性能，必须考虑通过复合工艺对印刷材料进行修改。这包括纺织品集成定制背部保护器和膝盖保护器的产品开发和制造，以及技术内饰纺织品的定制功能化，以提高声学舒适度。未来，为了优化功能性能，必须考虑通过复合工艺对印刷材料进行修改。这包括纺织品集成定制背部保护器和膝盖保护器的产品开发和制造，以及技术内饰纺织品的定制功能化，以提高声学舒适度。未来，为了优化功能性能，必须考虑通过复合工艺对印刷材料进行修改。