The tick Ixodes ricinus is the vector of various pathogens, including Chlamydiales bacteria, potentially causing respiratory infections. In this study, we modelled the spatial distribution of I. ricinus and associated Chlamydiales over Switzerland from 2009 to 2019. We used a total of 2293 ticks and 186 Chlamydiales occurrences provided by a Swiss Army field campaign, a collaborative smartphone application and a prospective campaign. For each tick location, we retrieved from Swiss federal datasets the environmental factors reflecting the topography, climate and land cover. We then used the Maxent modelling technique to estimate the suitability for I. ricinus and to subsequently build the nested niche of Chlamydiales bacteria. Results indicate that I. ricinus high habitat suitability is determined by higher temperature and vegetation index (NDVI) values, lower temperature during driest months and a higher percentage of artificial and forests areas. The performance of the model was increased when extracting the environmental variables for a 100 m-radius buffer around the sampling points and when considering the data over the two years previous sampling date. For Chlamydiales bacteria, the suitability was favoured by lower percentage of artificial surfaces, driest conditions, high precipitation during coldest months and short distances to wetlands. From 2009 to 2018, we observed an extension of tick and Chlamydiales suitable areas, associated with a shift towards higher altitude. The importance to consider spatio-temporal variations of the environmental conditions for obtaining better prediction was also demonstrated.

中文翻译：

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瑞士壁虱寄主寄养的衣原体的嵌套物种分布模型

蜱篦子硬蜱是各种病原体，包括矢量衣原体细菌，潜在地导致呼吸道感染。在这项研究中，我们对2009年至2019年瑞士的蓖麻和相关衣原体的空间分布进行了建模。我们使用了瑞士陆军野战，协作智能手机应用程序和前瞻性运动提供的2293滴答和186例衣原体发生。 。对于每个刻度位置，我们从瑞士联邦数据集中检索出反映地形，气候和土地覆盖的环境因素。然后，我们使用Maxent建模技术来估计对蓖麻油菜的适应性，并随后构建嵌套的of生态位。衣原体细菌。结果表明，蓖麻毒素的高生境适应性取决于较高的温度和植被指数（NDVI）值，最干旱月份的较低温度以及较高的人工和森林面积百分比。当提取采样点周围100 m半径缓冲区的环境变量并考虑前两年采样日期的数据时，模型的性能得到了提高。对于衣原体细菌，适宜性因较低的人造表面百分比，最干燥的条件，最冷的月份降水量高以及到湿地的距离短而受到青睐。从2009年到2018年，我们观察到壁虱和衣原体的延伸与向更高海拔的转变相关的合适区域。还表明了考虑环境条件的时空变化以获得更好的预测的重要性。