To investigate the mechanisms driving regulatory evolution across tissues, we experimentally mapped promoters, enhancers, and gene expression in liver, brain, muscle, and testis from ten diverse mammals. The regulatory landscape around genes included both tissue-shared and tissue-specific regulatory regions, where tissue-specific promoters and enhancers evolved most rapidly. Genomic regions switching between promoters and enhancers were more common across species, and less common across tissues within a single species. Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs) played recurrent evolutionary roles: LINE L1s were associated with tissue-specific regulatory regions, whereas more ancient LINE L2s were associated with tissue-shared regulatory regions and with those switching between promoter and enhancer signatures across species. Our analyses of the tissue-specificity and evolutionary stability among promoters and enhancers reveal how specific LINE families have helped shape the dynamic mammalian regulome.

中文翻译：

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LINE元素是哺乳动物基因组中调节潜力的储存库

为了研究驱动整个组织的调控进化的机制，我们实验绘制了来自十种不同哺乳动物的肝，脑，肌肉和睾丸中的启动子，增强子和基因表达。基因周围的调控区域包括组织共享的和组织特异性的调控区域，其中组织特异性的启动子和增强子进化最快。在启动子和增强子之间切换的基因组区域在物种间更常见，而在单个物种内的组织间则不那么常见。长散布的核元件（LINEs）发挥了反复的进化作用：LINE L1与组织特异性调控区相关，而更古老的LINE L2与组织共享调控区以及跨物种的启动子和增强子签名之间的切换相关。