Bumblebees are a diverse group of globally important pollinators in natural ecosystems and for agricultural food production. With both eusocial and solitary life-cycle phases, and some social parasite species, they are especially interesting models to understand social evolution, behavior, and ecology. Reports of many species in decline point to pathogen transmission, habitat loss, pesticide usage, and global climate change, as interconnected causes. These threats to bumblebee diversity make our reliance on a handful of well-studied species for agricultural pollination particularly precarious. To broadly sample bumblebee genomic and phenotypic diversity, we de novo sequenced and assembled the genomes of 17 species, representing all 15 subgenera, producing the first genus-wide quantification of genetic and genomic variation potentially underlying key ecological and behavioral traits. The species phylogeny resolves subgenera relationships while incomplete lineage sorting likely drives high levels of gene tree discordance. Five chromosome-level assemblies show a stable 18-chromosome karyotype, with major rearrangements creating 25 chromosomes in social parasites. Differential transposable element activity drives changes in genome sizes, with putative domestications of repetitive sequences influencing gene coding and regulatory potential. Dynamically evolving gene families and signatures of positive selection point to genus-wide variation in processes linked to foraging, diet and metabolism, immunity and detoxification, as well as adaptations for life at high altitudes. These high-quality genomic resources capture natural genetic and phenotypic variation across bumblebees, offering new opportunities to advance our understanding of their remarkable ecological success and to identify and manage current and future threats.

中文翻译：

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大黄蜂基因组的全属特征揭示了与传粉媒介关键生态和行为特征有关的变异

大黄蜂是自然生态系统和农业食品生产中全球重要传粉媒介的不同群体。由于具有社会社会和孤独的生命周期阶段，以及一些社会寄生虫物种，它们是理解社会进化，行为和生态学的特别有趣的模型。许多物种减少的报告指出病原体传播，栖息地丧失，农药使用和全球气候变化是相互联系的原因。这些对大黄蜂多样性的威胁使我们依赖少数经过精心研究的农业授粉物种，尤其是不稳定的。为了广泛采样大黄蜂的基因组和表型多样性，我们从头开始测序并组装了代表所有15个亚属的17个物种的基因组，对遗传和基因组变异进行第一个全属范围的量化，潜在地潜在于关键的生态和行为特征。物种系统发育解决了亚属关系，而不完整的谱系排序则可能导致高水平的基因树不一致。五个染色体级别的装配体显示出稳定的18染色体核型，主要重排产生了25个染色体的社交寄生虫。差异的转座因子活性驱动基因组大小的变化，重复序列的假定驯化影响基因编码和调控潜力。动态进化的基因家族和阳性选择的特征表明，与觅食，饮食和新陈代谢，免疫力和排毒以及对高海拔生活的适应有关的过程，属于全属变异。