Some beneficial effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) can be explained by the modulation of enterohormone secretion. As GSPE comprises a combination of different molecules, the pure compounds that cause these effects need to be elucidated. The enterohormones and chemoreceptors present in the gastrointestinal tract differ between species, so if humans are to gain beneficial effects, species closer to humans—and humans themselves—must be used. We demonstrate that 100 mg/L of GSPE stimulates peptide YY (PYY) release, but not glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) release in the human colon. We used a pig ex vivo system that differentiates between apical and basolateral intestinal sides to analyse how apical stimulation with GSPE and its pure compounds affects the gastrointestinal tract. In pigs, apical GSPE treatment stimulates the basolateral release of PYY in the duodenum and colon and that of GLP-1 in the ascending, but not the descending colon. In the duodenum, luminal stimulation with procyanidin dimer B2 increased PYY secretion, but not CCK secretion, while catechin monomers (catechin/epicatechin) significantly increased CCK release, but not PYY release. The differential effects of GSPE and its pure compounds on enterohormone release at the same intestinal segment suggest that they act through chemosensors located apically and unevenly distributed along the gastrointestinal tract.

中文翻译：

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黄烷醇对肠内分泌的影响。

葡萄籽原花青素提取物（GSPE）的一些有益作用可以通过调节肠激素分泌来解释。由于GSPE包含不同分子的组合，因此需要阐明引起这些作用的纯化合物。胃肠道中存在的肠激素和化学感受器在不同物种之间是不同的，因此，如果人类要获得有益的作用，就必须使用更接近人类的物种，以及人类自身。我们证明了100 mg / L的GSPE刺激人结肠中的YY肽（PYY）释放，而不刺激胰高血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）释放。我们使用了一个猪离体系统，该系统可以区分顶侧和基底外侧的肠侧，以分析GSPE及其纯化合物对顶侧的刺激如何影响胃肠道。在猪里 顶端GSPE处理刺激十二指肠和结肠中PYY的基底外侧释放，而升结肠则刺激GLP-1的基底外侧释放，但不刺激下降结肠。在十二指肠中，用原花青素二聚体B2刺激腔内可增加PYY分泌，但不会增加CCK分泌，而儿茶素单体（儿茶素/表儿茶素）显着增加CCK释放，但不会增加PYY释放。GSPE及其纯化合物对同一肠道段肠内激素释放的不同影响表明，它们是通过沿胃肠道顶端且分布不均的化学传感器起作用的。儿茶素单体（儿茶素/表儿茶素）显着增加CCK释放，但不增加PYY释放。GSPE及其纯化合物对同一肠道段肠内激素释放的不同影响表明，它们是通过沿胃肠道顶端且分布不均的化学传感器起作用的。儿茶素单体（儿茶素/表儿茶素）显着增加CCK释放，但不增加PYY释放。GSPE及其纯化合物对同一肠道段肠激素释放的不同影响表明，它们是通过沿胃肠道顶端且分布不均的化学传感器起作用的。