The withdrawal of the Tethys Sea and the formation of the Alpine‐Himalayan orogenic belt profoundly impacted the distribution and composition of terrestrial biota in Eurasia. However, studies that have explicitly addressed the potential links between the series of tectonic activities in the Tethyan region and the formation of extratropical biodiversity hotspots in the Alpine‐Himalayan belt are rare. Spiders in the genus Pireneitega (Agelenidae) are found throughout Eurasia and show high species richness in these hotspots. Thus, Pireneitega spiders may serve as a model group to shed light on how past tectonic events shaped Eurasian hotspots. To reconstruct the spatial and temporal evolution of Pireneitega spp., we conducted an integrative historical biogeographical analysis using thousands of novel DNA sequences and five novel transcriptome sequences from different species. Species distribution modelling based on complete geographical distribution information was used to assess the ecological preferences and the potential ecological interchangeability of Pireneitega species. Our study suggests that the rapid expansion of Pireneitega in Eurasia benefitted from regression of the Tethys Sea in the early Oligocene. Most Pireneitega species are distributed allopatrically, but in similar niches. The diversification of Pireneitega species relied on invading numerous new isolated habitats created by the uplift of Alpine‐Himalayan mountains during the Miocene (wet valley model). These results imply that the formation of Alpine‐Himalayan hotspots was driven by the series of tectonic events in the Tethyan region during the Oligocene–Miocene.

中文翻译：

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特提斯地区的构造演化创造了欧亚温带生物多样性热点：追溯比里尼加特蜘蛛的多样化历史

特提斯海的撤出和高山-喜马拉雅造山带的形成深刻影响了欧亚大陆陆生物群的分布和组成。但是，很少有研究明确探讨特提斯地区的一系列构造活动与高山-喜马拉雅带热带外生物多样性热点形成之间的潜在联系。在属蜘蛛Pireneitega（漏斗蛛）在整个欧亚大陆发现并显示出优良品种在这些热点的丰富性。因此，Pireneitega蜘蛛可以作为模型组来阐明过去的构造事件如何塑造了欧亚大陆的热点。重建比利牛特加的时空演化spp。，我们使用数千种来自不同物种的新颖DNA序列和五个新颖转录组进行了综合的历史生物地理分析。基于完整的地理分布信息的物种分布模型被用来评估比里尼加种的生态偏好和潜在的生态互换性。我们的研究表明，在渐新世早期，特提​​斯海的退化使欧亚大陆的比里尼加迅速扩张。大多数比里尼加物种都以异地分布，但分布在类似的生态位中。Pireneitega的多元化该物种依赖于在中新世（湿谷模式）期间因高山-喜马拉雅山脉的隆升而形成的众多新的孤立生境的入侵。这些结果表明，在渐新世-中新世期间，特提斯地区的一系列构造事件驱动了阿尔卑斯-喜马拉雅山脉热点的形成。