Abstract Cities, towns and villages are important places with almost specific greening in comparison with open landscapes. Cemeteries are one of the most common land-use types in Central European settlements; however, they are still rather marginal regarding their total extent. In this study, we focused on the diversity of lichens in these important artificial habitats. Our study was done in the Czech Republic and we analyzed 164 substrates (trees and gravestones) in 19 cemeteries located in a city, a town and in villages between them. Our results reveal that the majority of 65 species of lichens were rock-dwellers, preferring silicate substrates. Notably, ten species were red-listed. We found greater species richness in the town cemeteries, followed by village cemeteries, with those in the city most species-poor. Gravestones hosted a significantly higher number of lichen species than did trees. For tree-associated species, broadleaf species supported greater lichen species richness than did conifers. For rock-dwelling species, sandstone gravestones supported greatest lichen species richness, while those of concrete hosted the fewest species. The results of this study indicate that cemeteries are important habitats for lichen diversity in human settlements. Cemeteries hosted a diverse community of lichens, including a number of threatened species. Even though trees were not as species rich as gravestones, they did support a different community of lichens in these cemeteries, suggesting that trees, particularly broadleaf species, provide important habitat in cemeteries to support a diverse lichen community. Planting of broadleaf trees and especially the retention and management of existing trees appears to be one of the most important management considerations for cemeteries to support diverse lichen communities.

中文翻译：

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城市生物多样性的重要组成部分：墓地地衣受聚落等级和基质质量的影响

摘要 城市、城镇和村庄是重要的地方，与开阔的景观相比，几乎是特定的绿化。墓地是中欧定居点最常见的土地利用类型之一；然而，就其总体范围而言，它们仍然处于边缘地位。在这项研究中，我们重点研究了这些重要人工栖息地中地衣的多样性。我们的研究是在捷克共和国完成的，我们分析了位于城市、城镇和村庄之间的 19 个墓地中的 164 块基材（树木和墓碑）。我们的研究结果表明，65 种地衣中的大多数是岩石居民，更喜欢硅酸盐基质。值得注意的是，有十个物种被列入红色名单。我们发现城镇墓地的物种丰富度更高，其次是乡村墓地，城市墓地的物种最贫乏。墓碑上的地衣物种数量明显多于树木。对于树木相关物种，阔叶树种比针叶树种支持更大的地衣物种丰富度。对于岩栖物种，砂岩墓碑支持最大的地衣物种丰富度，而混凝土墓碑承载的物种最少。这项研究的结果表明，墓地是人类住区地衣多样性的重要栖息地。墓地拥有多样化的地衣群落，包括一些受威胁的物种。尽管树木不像墓碑那样丰富，但它们确实支持了这些墓地中不同的地衣群落，这表明树木，尤其是阔叶树种，为墓地提供了重要的栖息地，以支持多样化的地衣群落。