Brain organoids are three-dimensional neural aggregates derived from pluripotent stem cells through self-organization and recapitulate architectural and cellular aspects of certain brain regions. Brain organoids are currently a highly exciting area of research that includes the study of human brain development, function, and dysfunction in unprecedented ways. In this Review, we discuss recent discoveries related to the generation of brain organoids that resemble diverse brain regions. We provide an overview of the strategies to complement these primarily neuroectodermal models with cell types of non-neuronal origin, such as vasculature and immune cells. Recent transplantation approaches aiming to achieve higher cellular complexity and long-term survival of these models will then be discussed. We conclude by highlighting unresolved key questions and future directions in this exciting area of human brain organogenesis.

脑类器官是多能干细胞通过自组织衍生的三维神经聚集体，并概括了某些大脑区域的结构和细胞方面。脑类器官目前是一个非常令人兴奋的研究领域，包括以前所未有的方式研究人类大脑的发育、功能和功能障碍。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了与生成类似于不同大脑区域的大脑类器官相关的最新发现。我们概述了用非神经元来源的细胞类型（例如脉管系统和免疫细胞）来补充这些主要神经外胚层模型的策略。然后将讨论旨在实现这些模型的更高细胞复杂性和长期存活的最近移植方法。