Soil health is defined as the capacity of soil to function, within ecosystem boundaries, to sustain crop and animal productivities, maintain or enhance environmental sustainability, and improve human health worldwide. In agro-ecosystems, the soil health can change due to anthropogenic activities, such as preferred cropping practices and intensive land-use management, which can further impact soil functions. Previous assessment of soil health in agriculture mostly relates to soil eco-functions that are integrated with non-biological properties such as soil nutrients and soil structures. In recent years, biological properties such as soil microorganisms were considered as an essential composition in soil health as well. However, systematic reviews of soil health and its potential feedback to human society under different cropping practices are still limited. In this review, we discussed 1) the impact of common and novel cropping practices in agro-systems on soil health, 2) the evolution of plant–microbe–soil complex and the biochemical mechanisms under the pressure of agriculture that responsible for soil health, 3) changes in the concept of soil quality and health over recent decades in agro-systems and the key indicators currently used for evaluating soil health, and 4) issues in agroecosystems that affect soil health the most, particularly how various cropping practices have developed over time with human activities in agroecosystem. This knowledge, along with necessary policies, will help to ensure healthy soil—a crucial component for sustainable ecosystem development.

土壤健康被定义为土壤在生态系统范围内发挥功能，维持作物和动物生产力，维持或增强环境可持续性以及改善全球人类健康的能力。在农业生态系统中，土壤健康可能因人为活动而改变，例如优选的种植方式和密集的土地利用管理，这可能进一步影响土壤功能。先前对农业土壤健康的评估主要涉及与非生物特性（例如土壤养分和土壤结构）整合在一起的土壤生态功能。近年来，诸如土壤微生物的生物学特性也被认为是土壤健康中必不可少的组成部分。然而，在不同种植方式下对土壤健康及其对人类社会的潜在反馈的系统评价仍然有限。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了1）农业系统中常见和新颖的种植方式对土壤健康的影响，2）植物-微生物-土壤复合物的演变以及在农业压力下造成土壤健康的生化机制， 3）近几十年来农业系统中土壤质量和健康概念的变化以及当前用于评估土壤健康的关键指标，以及4）农业生态系统中影响土壤健康的问题，尤其是各种耕作实践在农业生态系统中进行人类活动的时间。这些知识以及必要的政策，