The livestock sector has a large influence on direct and indirect (via land use change) greenhouse gas emissions, with potential negative impacts on climate change. We quantify the environmental impacts related to the introduction of a voluntary animal-based policy supported by the European Union (EU), the Measure 14 of Rural Development Programmes 2014-2020 on animal welfare. We focus on methane and nitrous oxide emissions (direct impacts), and on carbon-based and nitrous oxide emissions from land use change (indirect impacts). Our case study is the dairy sector of the EU Member States. We found that the animal-based measures have (on average) limited environmental impacts, although marked differences exist across Member States.

中文翻译：

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关于欧盟自愿性动物政策对环境的影响：技术和政治考虑

畜牧业对直接和间接（通过土地利用变化）温室气体排放有很大影响，对气候变化有潜在的负面影响。我们量化了与引入由欧盟 (EU) 支持的基于动物的自愿政策相关的环境影响，即 2014-2020 年农村发展计划第 14 条关于动物福利的措施。我们关注甲烷和一氧化二氮排放（直接影响），以及土地利用变化导致的碳排放和一氧化二氮排放（间接影响）。我们的案例研究是欧盟成员国的乳制品行业。我们发现，尽管成员国之间存在显着差异，但基于动物的措施（平均而言）对环境的影响有限。