Respiratory tract infections (RTI) can take a serious course under immunosuppression. Data on the impact of the underlying pathogens are still controversial. Samples from the upper (n = 322) and lower RT (n = 169) were collected from 136 children and 355 adults; 225 among them have been immunocompromised patients. Exclusion criteria were presence of relevant cultivable microorganisms, C-reactive protein > 20 mg/dl, or procalcitonin > 2.0 ng/ml. Samples were tested by PCR for the presence of herpesviruses (HSV-1/-2; VZV; CMV; HHV6; EBV), adenoviruses, bocaviruses, entero-/rhinoviruses (HRV), parechoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza viruses (IV), parainfluenza viruses as well as for pneumoviruses (HMPV and RSV), and atypical bacteria (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M.p.; Chlamydia pneumoniae, C.p.). Viral/bacterial genome equivalents were detected in more than two-thirds of specimens. Under immunosuppression, herpesviruses (EBV 30.9%/14.6%, p < 0.001; CMV 19.6%/7.9%, p < 0.001; HSV-1: 14.2%/7.1%, p = 0.012) were frequently observed, mainly through their reactivation in adults. Immunocompromised adults tended to present a higher RSV prevalence (6.4%/2.4%, p = 0.078). Immunocompetent patients were more frequently tested positive for IV (15.0%/5.8%, p = 0.001) and M.p. (6.4%/0.4%, p < 0.001), probably biased due to the influenza pandemic of 2009 and an M.p. epidemic in 2011. About 41.8% of samples were positive for a single pathogen, and among them EBV (19.9%) was most prevalent followed by HRV (18.2%) and IV (16.6%). HSV-2 and C.p. were not found. Marked seasonal effects were observed for HRV, IV, and RSV. Differences in pathogen prevalence were demonstrated between immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The exact contribution of some herpesviruses to the development of RTI remains unclear.

呼吸道感染 (RTI) 在免疫抑制下可能会发生严重的过程。关于潜在病原体影响的数据仍然存在争议。从 136 名儿童和 355 名成人中收集了来自上部 ( n  = 322) 和下部 RT ( n  = 169) 的样本；其中225人是免疫功能低下的患者。排除标准是存在相关可培养微生物、C 反应蛋白 > 20 mg/dl 或降钙素原 > 2.0 ng/ml。通过 PCR 检测样品是否存在疱疹病毒（HSV-1/-2；VZV；CMV；HHV6；EBV）、腺病毒、博卡病毒、肠病毒/鼻病毒（HRV）、副肠病毒、冠状病毒、流感病毒（IV）、副流感病毒病毒以及肺炎病毒（HMPV 和 RSV）和非典型细菌（肺炎支原体, 议员; 肺炎衣原体，Cp)。在超过三分之二的样本中检测到病毒/细菌基因组等价物。在免疫抑制下，经常观察到疱疹病毒（EBV 30.9%/14.6%，p  < 0.001；CMV 19.6%/7.9%，p  < 0.001；HSV-1：14.2%/7.1%，p  = 0.012），主要是通过它们在成年人。免疫功能低下的成年人往往表现出较高的 RSV 流行率（6.4%/2.4%，p  = 0.078）。免疫功能正常的患者的 IV (15.0%/5.8%, p  = 0.001) 和 Mp (6.4%/0.4%, p < 0.001)，可能由于 2009 年流感大流行和 2011 年 Mp 流行而出现偏差。约 41.8% 的样本对单一病原体呈阳性，其中 EBV (19.9%) 最为普遍，其次是 HRV (18.2%)和 IV (16.6%)。未发现 HSV-2 和 Cp。观察到 HRV、IV 和 RSV 具有明显的季节性影响。在免疫功能正常的患者和免疫功能低下的患者之间证明了病原体流行率的差异。一些疱疹病毒对 RTI 发展的确切贡献仍不清楚。