In epidemiology and psychiatry research, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) is commonly used to assess offspring's perception on maternal and paternal behavior during childhood. We tested the 2- versus 3-factor structure of the 16-item version and assessed measurement invariance across sex and across lifetime depressed, anxious, comorbid affected, and healthy participants. Subsequently, we investigated PBI dimensions across sex and psychopathology groups using structural equation modeling. Participants were 2,069 adults with a lifetime affective disorder and healthy controls, ages 26-75, from the Netherlands. Our findings support the 3-factor solution of the distinct mother and father scales, distinguishing care, overprotection, and autonomy (previously "authoritarianism"). Moreover, measurement of the PBI appeared to be invariant across groups, indicating that means and relations can be reliably compared across sex and psychopathology groups. Men reported more maternal overprotection and paternal lack of care, whereas females reported higher paternal and maternal lack of autonomy and maternal lack of care levels compared with males. Lack of care and lack of autonomy levels were elevated in all affected groups, with the comorbid group showing highest levels of all 3 PBI dimensions. Adults with anxiety disorders reported heightened maternal lack of autonomy levels compared with the depression group and healthy controls. Adults with a depressive disorder reported heightened paternal lack of care levels as compared with the anxiety group and healthy controls. We advocate to use the 3-factor structure and conclude that suboptimal parental bonding, mainly lack of care and lack of autonomy, is associated with lifetime anxiety and depression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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父母亲：心理测量特性以及与终生抑郁和焦虑症的关系。

在流行病学和精神病学研究中，父母亲结合仪（PBI）通常用于评估后代对儿童期母亲和父亲行为的看法。我们测试了16个项目版本的2因子与3因子结构，并评估了跨性别以及一生中抑郁，焦虑，共病和健康参与者的测量不变性。随后，我们使用结构方程模型研究了跨性别和心理病理学组的PBI维度。参加者是来自荷兰的2,069名患有终生情感障碍和健康对照的成年人，年龄在26-75岁之间。我们的研究结果支持父亲和母亲比例不同的三因素解决方案，将照顾，过度保护和自治（以前称为“专制主义”）区分开来。此外，PBI的测量在各组之间似乎是不变的，这表明在性别和心理病理学组之间可以可靠地比较均值和关系。与男性相比，男性报告了更多的孕产妇过度保护和父亲缺乏照料，而女性报告的父亲和母亲缺乏自主权，孕产妇缺乏照料水平更高。在所有受影响的群体中，缺乏护理和缺乏自主权的情况都增加了，合并症组在所有3个PBI维度中均表现出最高水平。与抑郁症组和健康对照组相比，患有焦虑症的成年人报告母亲的自主性水平升高。与焦虑症组和健康对照组相比，患有抑郁症的成年人报告其父亲缺乏护理的水平更高。我们提倡使用三因素结构，并得出结论，次优父母亲结合（主要是缺乏照顾和自主权）与一生的焦虑和抑郁相关。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。