their relevance, effect studies on fish exposed via trophic chains are currently very scarce. MPs are known to contain many chemicals that could be transferred to organisms and induce deleterious effects. However, there is currently no consensus on whether MPs represent a significant exposure pathway to chemicals in contaminated habitats. Here, we exposed three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to polyethylene MPs via prey ingestion, in a one-month experiment. MPs were either pristine or spiked with chlorpyrifos (CPF), and a CPF control was included to compare vector effects of MPs and natural prey. Following exposure, we assessed AChE activity and fish behavior (feeding, locomotion, environment exploration and reaction to the introduction of a novel object). No effect was observed in fish exposed to pristine MPs. CPF accumulation was observed in fish exposed to CPF-spiked MPs (MP-CPF), confirming the vector potential of MPs. However, CPF accumulation was more important in fish exposed to CPF via prey. In fish exposed to MP-CPF, we observed significant AChE inhibition and hyperactivity, which could result in increased vulnerability to predation. CPF organ distribution differed between groups, suggesting that chemical exposure via MPs could alter organ distribution of chemicals. This can result in a change in the organs most at risk, likely increasing intestine exposure.

中文翻译：

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微生物媒介作用：通过营养链暴露的鱼类是否处于危险之中？

它们的相关性，对通过营养链暴露的鱼类的影响研究目前很少。已知MP含有许多可能转移到生物体并引起有害作用的化学物质。但是，目前尚无关于MPs是否代表受污染生境中化学物质的重要暴露途径的共识。在一个为期一个月的实验中，我们通过猎食将三棘刺背（（Gasterosteus aculeatus）暴露于聚乙烯MP。MP是原始的或掺有毒死rif（CPF），并包括CPF对照以比较MP和天然猎物的媒介作用。接触后，我们评估了AChE活性和鱼类行为（进食，运动，环境探索和对引入新物体的反应）。在暴露于原始MPs的鱼中未观察到影响。在暴露于CPF加标MPs（MP-CPF）的鱼中观察到CPF积累，证实了MPs的载体潜力。但是，在通过猎物暴露于CPF的鱼类中，CPF的积累更为重要。在暴露于MP-CPF的鱼中，我们观察到了显着的AChE抑制和过度活跃，这可能导致增加对捕食的脆弱性。各组之间的CPF器官分布不同，这表明通过MP暴露化学物质可能会改变化学物质的器官分布。这可能会导致风险最高的器官发生变化，可能会增加肠道暴露。这可能会增加捕食的脆弱性。各组之间的CPF器官分布不同，这表明通过MP暴露化学物质可能会改变化学物质的器官分布。这可能会导致风险最高的器官发生变化，可能会增加肠道暴露。这可能会增加捕食的脆弱性。各组之间的CPF器官分布不同，这表明通过MP暴露化学物质可能会改变化学物质的器官分布。这可能会导致风险最高的器官发生变化，可能会增加肠道暴露。