The intercalation of graphite by electrochemical methods is an efficient strategy to produce massive graphene flakes. In fact, when graphite is biased inside an acidic solution, anions enter inside the stratified structure of the electrode and reduce the layer‐to‐layer interaction. Consequently, a gentle sonication is sufficient to disperse the graphene flakes inside the electrolyte. In view of an optimisation of the production protocol, a detailed analysis of the intercalation mechanism at the molecular length scale is mandatory. In the last 30 years, electrochemical (EC) scanning probe microscopies (e.g. EC‐STM and in situ AFM) have been widely exploited in this research topic. In fact, these techniques have the possibility of combining the EC characterisation (e.g. cyclic‐voltammetry, CV) with mechanical characterisation (e.g. adhesion and friction) and topography acquisition with high (molecular) lateral resolution.

中文翻译：

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阴离子插层石墨：原位原子力显微镜联合电化学和摩擦学研究

通过电化学方法嵌入石墨是生产大量石墨烯薄片的有效策略。事实上，当石墨在酸性溶液中偏置时，阴离子会进入电极的分层结构内部并减少层间相互作用。因此，温和的超声处理足以将石墨烯薄片分散到电解质中。鉴于生产协议的优化，必须对分子长度尺度的嵌入机制进行详细分析。在过去的 30 年中，电化学 (EC) 扫描探针显微镜（例如 EC-STM 和原位 AFM）已在该研究课题中得到广泛应用。事实上，这些技术有可能将 EC 表征（例如循环伏安法、CV）与机械表征（例如