Previously, we developed a stratified process for slant perception. First, optical transformations in structure-from-motion (SFM) and stereo were used to derive 3D relief structure (where depth scaling remains arbitrary). Second, with sufficient continuous perspective change (≥45°), a bootstrap process derived 3D similarity structure. Third, the perceived slant was derived. As predicted by theoretical work on SFM, small visual angle (<5°) viewing requires non-coplanar points. Slanted surfaces with small 3D cuboids or tetrahedrons yielded accurate judgment while planar surfaces did not. Normally, object perception entails non-coplanar points. Now, we apply the stratified process to object perception where, after deriving similarity structure, alternative metric properties of the object can be derived (e.g. slant of the top surface or width-to-depth aspect ratio). First, we tested slant judgments of the smooth planar tops of three different polyhedral objects. We tested rectangular, hexagonal, and asymmetric pentagonal surfaces, finding that symmetry was required to determine the direction of slant (AP&P, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01859-5). Our current results replicated the previous findings. Second, we tested judgments of aspect ratios, finding accurate performance only for symmetric objects. Results from this study suggest that, first, trackable non-coplanar points can be attained in the form of 3D objects. Second, symmetry is necessary to constrain slant and aspect ratio perception. Finally, deriving 3D similarity structure precedes estimating object properties, such as slant or aspect ratio. Together, evidence presented here supports the stratified bootstrap process for 3D object perception.

Statement of significance

Planning interactions with objects in the surrounding environment entails the perception of 3D shape and slant. Studying ways through which 3D metric shape and slant can be perceived accurately by moving observers not only sheds light on how the visual system works, but also provides understanding that can be applied to other fields, like machine vision or remote sensing. The current study is a logical extension of previous studies by the same authors and explores the roles of large continuous perspective changes, relief structure, and symmetry in a stratified process for object perception.

中文翻译：

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物体感知的分层过程：从光学转换到3D浮雕结构再到3D相似度结构到倾斜或长宽比。

以前，我们针对偏见开发了分层过程。首先，采用从运动结构（SFM）和立体声的光学转换来得出3D浮雕结构（深度缩放仍然是任意的）。其次，借助足够的连续透视变化（≥45°），引导过程可得出3D相似性结构。第三，产生了感知的倾斜。正如有关SFM的理论工作所预测的那样，小视角（<5°）观看需要非共面点。具有小的3D长方体或四面体的倾斜表面可提供准确的判断，而平面则不能。通常，物体感知需要非共面的点。现在，我们将分层过程应用于对象感知，其中在得出相似性结构之后，可以得出对象的替代度量属性（例如 顶面倾斜度或宽度与深度的长宽比）。首先，我们测试了三个不同多面体物体的光滑平面顶部的倾斜判断。我们测试了矩形，六边形和不对称五边形表面，发现需要对称才能确定倾斜方向（AP＆P，2019，https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01859-5）。我们目前的结果重复了以前的发现。其次，我们测试了宽高比的判断，仅发现对称对象的准确性能。这项研究的结果表明，首先，可以以3D对象的形式获得可跟踪的非共面点。其次，对称对于约束倾斜和宽高比的感知是必要的。最后，推导3D相似性结构之前先估算对象属性，例如倾斜或长宽比。总之，这里提供的证据支持3D对象感知的分层引导过程。

重要声明

计划与周围环境中的对象的交互需要3D形状和倾斜感。研究通过移动观察者来准确感知3D度量形状和倾斜度的方法，不仅揭示了视觉系统的工作原理，而且还提供了可应用于其他领域的理解，例如机器视觉或遥感。本研究是同一作者先前研究的合乎逻辑的扩展，并探讨了在物体感知的分层过程中，连续的大角度变化，浮雕结构和对称性的作用。