The commensal microbiome of humans has co-evolved for thousands of years. The microbiome regulates human health and is also linked to several diseases, including cancer. The advances in next-generation sequencing have significantly contributed to our understanding of the microbiome and its association with cancer and cancer therapy. Recent studies have highlighted a close relationship of the microbiome to the pharmacological effect of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The chemo-drugs usually interfere with the host immune system and reduces the microbiome diversity inside the body, which in turn leads to decreased efficacy of these drugs. The human microbiome, specifically the gut microbiome, increases the potency of chemo-drugs through metabolism, enzymatic degradation, ecological differences, and immunomodulation. Recent research exploits the involvement of microbiome to shape the efficacy and decrease the toxicity of these chemo-drugs. In this review, we have highlighted the recent development in understanding the relationship of the human microbiome with cancer and also emphasize on various roles of the microbiome in the modulation of cancer therapy. Additionally, we also summarize the ongoing research focussed on the improved efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy using the host microbiome.

人类的共生微生物群已经共同进化了数千年。微生物组调节人类健康，还与包括癌症在内的多种疾病有关。新一代测序的进步极大地促进了我们对微生物组及其与癌症和癌症治疗的关系的理解。最近的研究强调了微生物组与化学疗法和免疫疗法的药理作用的密切关系。化学药物通常会干扰宿主免疫系统并降低体内微生物组的多样性，从而导致这些药物的疗效降低。人类微生物组，特别是肠道微生物组，通过代谢、酶降解、生态差异和免疫调节来提高化学药物的效力。最近的研究利用微生物组的参与来塑造疗效并降低这些化学药物的毒性。在这篇综述中，我们强调了了解人类微生物组与癌症关系的最新进展，并强调了微生物组在调节癌症治疗中的各种作用。此外，我们还总结了正在进行的研究，重点是使用宿主微生物组提高化学疗法和免疫疗法的疗效。