Pollution with pesticides is a widespread global problem and biomonitoring of the environment and human populations is necessary to assess potential harmful biological effects. One of the pesticides that are showing up in vegetables and fruit is chlorpyrifos (CPS). CPS is a nerve-poisoning organophosphorus insecticide, which is in up to 1/3 of all conventionally produced citrus fruits. Our review shows that CPS is a hazardous material that poses risks to human health and also pollutes the environment. There is numerous risk assessment of CPS reported, however, the assessment is easily affected by factors such as climate change, exposure period and CPS concentration. Therefore, rigorous update of the hazardous level of CPS is needed to determine the threshold level safe for humans and animals. There is a need for remediation using for example photoreactive nanoparticle methods and microbial degeneration possessing high degradation efficiency (73–97%). In addition, stringent biomonitoring of food, environment and human exposure should occur to avoid exposure to chemicals via citrus fruits and vegetables. This is necessary to assess health risks and socioeconomic impacts which also require collaboration between private and public sectors to facilitate the growth, sale and manufacturing of biopesticides.

农药污染是一个普遍存在的全球性问题，必须对环境和人类进行生物监测以评估潜在的有害生物影响。蔬菜和水果中出现的一种农药是毒死rif（CPS）。CPS是一种神经中毒的有机磷杀虫剂，占所有常规生产的柑橘类水果的1/3。我们的审查表明，CPS是一种有害物质，会对人体健康构成威胁，并污染环境。关于CPS的风险评估报告很多，但是评估很容易受到气候变化，暴露时间和CPS浓度等因素的影响。因此，需要严格更新CPS的危险水平，才能确定对人类和动物安全的阈值水平。需要使用光反应性纳米颗粒方法进行补救，并且具有高降解效率（73-97％）的微生物变性。此外，应对食物，环境和人类接触进行严格的生物监测，以避免通过柑橘类水果和蔬菜接触化学物质。这对于评估健康风险和社会经济影响是必要的，这也需要私营和公共部门之间的合作以促进生物农药的生长，销售和制造。