Abstract The data that is currently used when designing egress systems for stadia and other high-occupancy buildings was collected decades ago and might not be applicable in today's society. A systematic analysis of crowd movement was performed to investigate egress flows at a large stadium in the UK following four different event types (i.e., a football game, a rugby game, a concert featuring a male singer/songwriter and a concert featuring a female pop artist). Video footage captured the egressing crowds and the relationships between velocities, flows and densities across the different events were established. The results indicate that the crowd composition, along with external factors (e.g., weather), have a measurable impact on the velocities, flows and densities observed. These differences are likely linked to the body area occupied by different crowds and the social interaction between members of the crowd. The observed flowrates were all below 60 people/m*min, which is significantly lower than the maximum value (82 people/m*min) recommended in the 2018 Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds (the sixth edition of the “Green Guide”). The observed behaviour and flowrates suggest the need to carefully consider the impact of crowd composition when planning stadium egress including emergency evacuation.

中文翻译：

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人群组成对出口性能的影响

摘要 当前在为体育场和其他高占用率建筑设计出口系统时使用的数据是几十年前收集的，可能不适用于当今社会。对人群运动进行了系统分析，以调查英国一个大型体育场在四种不同事件类型（即，足球比赛、橄榄球比赛、男歌手/词曲作者的音乐会和女流行歌手的音乐会）后的出口流量。艺术家）。视频片段捕获了离开的人群，并建立了不同事件之间的速度、流量和密度之间的关系。结果表明，人群构成以及外部因素（例如天气）对观察到的速度、流量和密度具有可测量的影响。这些差异可能与不同人群占据的身体区域以及人群成员之间的社交互动有关。实测流量均低于60人/m*min，明显低于2018年《运动场安全指南》（第六版《绿色指南》）推荐的最大值（82人/m*min） . 观察到的行为和流量表明，在规划体育场出口（包括紧急疏散）时，需要仔细考虑人群构成的影响。