During the reproductive season, animals have to manage both their energetic budget and gamete stock. In particular, for semelparous capital breeders with determinate fecundity and no parental care other than gametic investment, the depletion of energetic stock must match the depletion of gametic stock, so that individuals get exhausted just after their last egg is laid and fertilized. Although these budgets are managed continuously, monitoring the dynamics of mating acts and energy expenditure at a fine temporal scale in the wild is challenging. This study aimed to quantify the individual dynamics of spawning acts and the concomitant energy expenditure of female Allis shad (Alosa alosa) throughout their mating season. Using eight individual-borne accelerometers for one month, we collected tri-axial acceleration, temperature, and pressure data that we analysed to i) detect the timing of spawning acts, ii) estimate energy expenditure from tail beat frequency and water temperature, and iii) monitor changes in body roundness from the position of the dorsally-mounted tag relative to the vertical plane. Female shad had a higher probability to spawn during warmer nights, and their spawning acts were synchronized (both individually and inter-individually) within each active night. They experienced warmer temperature, remained deeper, swan more slowly and spent less energy during daytime than night time. Over one month of spawning, they performed on average 15.75 spawning acts, spent on average 6 277 kJ and died with a significant portion of residual oocytes. The acceleration-based indicator of body roundness was correlated to condition coefficient measured at capture, and globally decreased through the spawning season, although the indicator was noisy and was not correlated to changes in estimated energy expenditure. Despite significant individual variability, our results indicate that female shad exhausted their energetic stock faster than their egg stock. Water warming will increase the rate of energy expenditure, which might increase the risk that shad die with a large stock of unspent eggs. Although perfectible, the three complementary analyses of acceleration data are promising for in situ monitoring of energy expenditure related to specific behaviour.

中文翻译：

---

mel鱼产卵行为的动力学及其相关的能量消耗

在生殖季节，动物必须管理精力充沛的预算和配子。特别地，对于生殖力确定的，繁殖力强且没有父母关照的异性资本育种者而言，精力充沛的消耗量必须与猎物的消耗量相匹配，以便个体在产下最后一个卵并受精后就筋疲力尽。尽管这些预算是连续管理的，但是在野外以精细的时间尺度监视交配行为的动态和能量消耗仍然是一个挑战。这项研究的目的是量化产卵行为的个体动力学以及雌性Allis d（Alosa alosa）在整个交配季节的伴随能量消耗。使用八个单独的加速度计一个月，我们收集了三轴加速度，温度，和压力数据，我们分析了这些问题：i）检测产卵的时间，ii）根据拍打频率和水温估算能量消耗，iii）从背面安装的标签相对于垂直位置的位置监测身体圆度的变化飞机。雌性night鱼在温暖的夜晚有较高的产卵几率，并且它们的产卵行为在每个活跃的夜晚都是同步的（无论是个体还是个体）。与白天相比，白天它们的温度更高，保持更深，天鹅更慢并且消耗的能量更少。在产卵一个多月的时间里，它们平均进行了15.75次产卵，平均花费了6277 kJ，死于相当一部分残留的卵母细胞。基于加速度的身体圆度指标与捕获时测得的条件系数相关，尽管该指标嘈杂且与估计的能源消耗的变化无关，但整个产卵季节都在下降。尽管个体差异很大，但我们的结果表明，雌性d鱼耗尽精力旺盛的食物的速度要快于卵。水温升高将增加能源消耗的比率，这可能会增加大量未使用的鸡蛋使sha鱼死亡的风险。尽管是完美的，但加速度数据的三个互补分析有望用于就地监测与特定行为有关的能量消耗。我们的结果表明，雌性d鱼耗尽精力旺盛的能量要快于卵。水温升高将增加能源消耗的比率，这可能会增加大量未使用的鸡蛋使sha鱼死亡的风险。尽管是完美的，但加速度数据的三个互补分析有望用于就地监测与特定行为有关的能量消耗。我们的结果表明，雌性d鱼耗尽精力旺盛的能量要快于卵。水温升高将增加能源消耗的比率，这可能会增加大量未使用的鸡蛋使sha鱼死亡的风险。尽管是完美的，但加速度数据的三个互补分析有望用于就地监测与特定行为有关的能量消耗。