Presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) as emerging contaminants in water is a major concern. Recent reports have confirmed the presence of PACs in natural and wastewater systems, which have caused several problems indicating the urgent need for their removal. The current review evaluates the role of chemically modified biosorbents in the removal of PACs in water. Reported biosorbents include plant and animal solid waste, microorganisms and bio-composite. Bio-composites exhibited better prospects when compared with other biosorbents. Types of chemical treatment reported include acid, alkaline, solvent extraction, metal salt impregnation and surface grafting, with alkaline treatment exhibiting better results when compared with other treatments. The biosorption processes mostly obeyed the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm model in a process described mainly by ionic interaction. Desorption and regeneration capacity are very important in selecting an appropriate biosorbent for the biosorption process. Depending on the type of biosorbent, the cost of water treatment per million liters of water was estimated as US $10–US $200, which presents biosorption as a cheap process compared to other known water treatment processes. However, there is a need to conduct large-scale studies on the biosorption process for removing PACs in water.

中文翻译：

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化学改性生物吸附剂及其在去除水系统中新兴制药废物中的作用

作为水中新兴污染物的药物活性化合物 (PAC) 的存在是一个主要问题。最近的报告证实了自然和废水系统中存在 PAC，这导致了几个问题，表明迫切需要将其清除。本综述评估了化学改性生物吸附剂在去除水中 PAC 方面的作用。报道的生物吸附剂包括植物和动物固体废物、微生物和生物复合材料。与其他生物吸附剂相比，生物复合材料表现出更好的前景。报道的化学处理类型包括酸、碱、溶剂萃取、金属盐浸渍和表面接枝，与其他处理相比，碱处理表现出更好的结果。在主要由离子相互作用描述的过程中，生物吸附过程大多遵循伪二级模型和朗缪尔等温线模型。在为生物吸附过程选择合适的生物吸附剂时，解吸和再生能力非常重要。根据生物吸附剂的类型，每百万升水的水处理成本估计为 10 至 200 美元，与其他已知的水处理工艺相比，生物吸附是一种廉价的工艺。然而，需要对去除水中 PAC 的生物吸附过程进行大规模研究。每百万升水的水处理成本估计为 10 至 200 美元，与其他已知的水处理工艺相比，生物吸附是一种廉价的工艺。然而，需要对去除水中 PAC 的生物吸附过程进行大规模研究。每百万升水的水处理成本估计为 10 至 200 美元，与其他已知的水处理工艺相比，生物吸附是一种廉价的工艺。然而，需要对去除水中 PAC 的生物吸附过程进行大规模研究。