Environmental temperature can alter the composition, diversity, and function of ectothermic vertebrate gut microbial communities, which may result in negative consequences for host physiology, or conversely, increase phenotypic plasticity and persistence in harsh conditions. The magnitude of either of these effects will depend on the length of time animals are exposed to extreme temperatures, and how quickly the composition and function of the gut microbiota can respond to temperature change. However, the temporal effects of temperature on gut microbiota are currently unknown. Here, we investigated the length of time required for increased temperature to alter the composition of gut bacterial communities in tadpoles of two frog species, the green frog, Lithobates clamitans , and its congener, the globally invasive American bullfrog, L. catesbeianus . We also explored the potential functional consequences of these changes by comparing predicted metagenomic profiles across temperature treatments at the last experimental time point. Bullfrog‐associated microbial communities were more plastic than those of the green frog. Specifically, bullfrog communities were altered by increased temperature within hours, while green frog communities took multiple days to exhibit significant changes. Further, over ten times more bullfrog bacterial functional pathways were temperature‐dependent compared to the green frog. These results support our hypothesis that bullfrog gut microbial communities would respond more rapidly to temperature change, potentially bolstering their ability to exploit novel environments. More broadly, we have revealed that even short‐term increases in environmental temperature, expected to occur frequently under global climate change, can alter the gut microbiota of ectothermic vertebrates.

中文翻译：

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侵入性牛蛙t的肠道菌群对温度的反应比非侵入性同类物更快。

环境温度可能会改变外热脊椎动物肠道微生物群落的组成，多样性和功能，这可能会对宿主生理产生负面影响，或者相反，会增加表型可塑性和在恶劣条件下的持久性。这些影响中的任一个的大小将取决于动物暴露于极端温度下的时间长度，以及肠道菌群的组成和功能对温度变化的响应速度。但是，温度对肠道菌群的时间影响目前未知。在这里，我们研究了升高温度以改变两种青蛙物种（绿色青蛙，Lithobates clamitans）的t中肠道细菌群落组成所需的时间长度。及其同类动物，即全球入侵的美国牛蛙L. catesbeianus。我们还通过比较在最后一个实验时间点跨温度处理的预测宏基因组分布图，探索了这些变化的潜在功能后果。牛蛙相关的微生物群落比绿蛙的微生物群落更具塑性。具体而言，牛蛙群落在数小时内因温度升高而发生了变化，而绿色蛙群落则需要数天才能表现出明显的变化。此外，温度依赖性比牛蛙多十倍以上。这些结果支持了我们的假设，即牛蛙肠道微生物群落对温度变化的反应更快，从而有可能增强其开发新环境的能力。更广泛地说，我们发现，即使环境温度短期内升高，