Abstract Marine spatial planning (MSP), a process aimed at negotiating the spatial allocation of human activities at sea, has to integrate new challenges arising from growing human activities and their impacts on threatened marine ecosystems. Yet, human–wildlife interactions that result in threat to humans are rarely explicitly addressed in planning and almost not at all in MSP. Rare events of unprovoked shark bites can significantly impact local economies while leading to polarized social debates that often hinder the development of evidence-based shark risk public policy. Here, we suggest an approach for integrating shark risk and its management into MSP. The method addresses simultaneously the spatial, social, and ecological components of shark risk and its inherent uncertainties. The approach is applied on Reunion Island case study where shark risk management is implemented as a response to a rapid increase in the frequency of shark bite events over the past decade. Similar to other countries where shark risk management is implemented, sharks’ removal is in the heart of social debate in Reunion Islands (3860 shark fishing operations in 5 years) and data gaps provide a fertile ground for alternative discourses and social conflicts about shark risk. Through a structured public consultation involving 200 stakeholders we demonstrate how MSP can be used to address shark risk while considering multiple sea-uses and conservation objectives. The results suggest that the approach is ideal, both for integrating shark risk as a driver to the MSP process, and for developing a transparent, sustainable and evidence-based shark risk public policy as it places shark risk management within a broader social-ecological spectrum of stakes.

中文翻译：

---

海洋空间规划为与海洋使用者建立基于证据的鲨鱼风险管理政策提供了一个综合框架

摘要 海洋空间规划 (MSP) 是一个旨在协商海上人类活动空间分配的过程，它必须整合日益增长的人类活动及其对受威胁海洋生态系统的影响所带来的新挑战。然而，对人类造成威胁的人与野生动物之间的互动很少在规划中得到明确解决，在 MSP 中几乎完全没有解决。无端鲨鱼咬伤的罕见事件会对当地经济产生重大影响，同时导致两极分化的社会辩论，这往往会阻碍循证鲨鱼风险公共政策的制定。在这里，我们建议将鲨鱼风险及其管理整合到 MSP 中的方法。该方法同时解决了鲨鱼风险的空间、社会和生态组成部分及其固有的不确定性。该方法应用于留尼汪岛案例研究，在该案例研究中实施鲨鱼风险管理，以应对过去十年鲨鱼咬伤事件频率的快速增加。与实施鲨鱼风险管理的其他国家类似，鲨鱼的清除是留尼汪群岛社会辩论的核心（5 年内 3860 次鲨鱼捕捞作业），数据差距为关于鲨鱼风险的替代性讨论和社会冲突提供了肥沃的土壤。通过涉及 200 名利益相关者的结构化公众咨询，我们展示了如何使用 MSP 来解决鲨鱼风险，同时考虑多种海洋用途和保护目标。结果表明，该方法是理想的，既可以将鲨鱼风险作为驱动因素纳入 MSP 流程，也可以开发透明的、