Bile acids are produced in the liver by the cholesterol breakdown and further metabolized by the intestinal microbiota to generate a group of chemically heterogeneous steroids that bind and activate a family of cells surface and nuclear receptors, collectively known as the bile acid-activated receptors (BARs). The two best characterized members of this family are the farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) and G protein Bile Acid Receptor (GPBAR1). Both receptors are expressed by cells of innate immunity including liver-resident and intestinal-resident macrophages and monocytes-derived macrophages. Because FXR and GPBAR1 knockout mice are biased toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype, it appears the both receptors might have a role in the development and maintenance of a tolerogenic phenotype. FXR and GPBAR1 ligands have been proven effective in the treatment in inflammatory and metabolic disorders and ligands for these receptors are currently under development for the treatment of non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis and diabetes.

胆汁酸通过胆固醇分解在肝脏中产生，并被肠道微生物群进一步代谢以产生一组化学异质类固醇，这些类固醇结合并激活一系列细胞表面和核受体，统称为胆汁酸激活受体 (BARs)。 ）。该家族的两个最具特征的成员是法尼醇-x 受体 (FXR) 和 G 蛋白胆汁酸受体 (GPBAR1)。两种受体均由先天免疫细胞表达，包括肝脏驻留和肠道驻留巨噬细胞以及单核细胞衍生的巨噬细胞。由于 FXR 和 GPBAR1 基因敲除小鼠偏向于促炎表型，因此这两种受体似乎都可能在致耐受性的形成和维持中发挥作用。表型。FXR 和 GPBAR1 配体已被证明可有效治疗炎症和代谢紊乱，这些受体的配体目前正在开发中，用于治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝炎和糖尿病。