Abstract The cactus Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelm.) F.M. Knuth., from Mexico and southwestern USA, invades conservation and pasture land in the arid regions of South Africa. Mechanical and chemical control, and attempts at biological control, have been ongoing since the early 1970 s but, until recently, with little success. Two distinct morphological varieties of C. fulgida are recognized in South Africa, viz. Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida Engelm. (‘chain-fruit cholla’) and Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata (Schott ex Engelm.) Backeb. forma monstrosa Coult (‘boxing-glove cactus’). In 2008, a specific biotype - the ‘cholla’ biotype - of the cochineal insect, Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamark), that was obtained from Cylindropuntia cholla (F.A.C. Weber) F.M.Knuth in Baja California Sur in Mexico, was released on C. fulgida var. fulgida, and later, in 2011, on C. fulgida var. mamillata in South Africa. It has brought these cactus weeds under remarkably effective biological control. We assess the efficacy of biological control for the two morphological varieties of C. fulgida in South Africa. In the Northern Cape province, D. tomentosus ‘cholla’ effectively controls detached cladodes and small, rooted plants of chain-fruit cholla, but, following rain, old plants repeatedly coppice and regrow from their woody trunks. Hand-felling and stacking of cochineal-weakened C. fulgida var. fulgida plants killed them within 1–2 years. Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata is under exceptionally effective biological control wherever D. tomentosus ‘cholla’ has been released. At two sites in the Northern Cape province that were monitored, approximately 90% of the plants died during the first ten months after release, while practically all were dead another 7 months later. The ‘cholla’ biotype of D. tomentosus has been supplied to Australia for use against various invasive Cylindropuntia species in that country.

中文翻译：

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使用最近鉴定的胭脂虫的不同生物型对南非的两种 Cylindropuntia fulgida（仙人掌科）进行特殊的生物控制，Dactylopius tomentosus（Dactylopiidae）

摘要 来自墨西哥和美国西南部的仙人掌 Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelm.) FM Knuth. 入侵南非干旱地区的保护区和牧场。自 1970 年代初以来，机械和化学控制以及生物控制的尝试一直在进行，但直到最近都收效甚微。在南非，C. fulgida 有两种不同的形态变种，即。Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida Engelm。('chain-fruit cholla') 和 Cylindropuntia fulgida var。mamillata (Schott ex Engelm.) Backeb。forma monstrosa Coult（'拳击手套仙人掌'）。2008 年，从墨西哥南下加利福尼亚州的 Cylindropuntia cholla (FAC Weber) FMKnuth 获得的胭脂虫 Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamark) 的特定生物型 - 'cholla' 生物型在 C. fulgida var. 上发布。富尔吉达，后来，在 2011 年，在 C. fulgida var. 南非的马米拉塔。它使这些仙人掌杂草受到非常有效的生物控制。我们评估了南非 C. fulgida 两种形态变种的生物防治效果。在北开普省，D. tomentosus 'cholla' 有效地控制了分离的枝条和小而有根的链果 cholla 植物，但是，在下雨后，老植物会反复从它们的木质树干上进行矮化和再生。胭脂虫弱化 C. fulgida var. 的手工砍伐和堆叠。fulgida 植物在 1-2 年内杀死了它们。Cylindropuntia fulgida var. 在 D. tomentosus 'cholla' 被释放的任何地方，mamillata 都受到非常有效的生物控制。在北开普省的两个被监测地点，大约 90% 的植物在释放后的前 10 个月内死亡，而实际上在另外 7 个月后全部死亡。D. tomentosus 的 'cholla' 生物型已提供给澳大利亚，用于对抗该国各种入侵的 Cylindropuntia 物种。