Little is known about how human Y-Chromosome gene expression directly contributes to differences between XX (female) and XY (male) individuals in nonreproductive tissues. Here, we analyzed quantitative profiles of Y-Chromosome gene expression across 36 human tissues from hundreds of individuals. Although it is often said that Y-Chromosome genes are lowly expressed outside the testis, we report many instances of elevated Y-Chromosome gene expression in a nonreproductive tissue. A notable example is EIF1AY, which encodes eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A Y-linked, together with its X-linked homolog EIF1AX. Evolutionary loss of a Y-linked microRNA target site enabled up-regulation of EIF1AY, but not of EIF1AX, in the heart. Consequently, this essential translation initiation factor is nearly twice as abundant in male as in female heart tissue at the protein level. Divergence between the X and Y Chromosomes in regulatory sequence can therefore lead to tissue-specific Y-Chromosome-driven sex biases in expression of critical, dosage-sensitive regulatory genes.

中文翻译：

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对 36 种人体组织中 Y 染色体基因表达的定量分析。

关于人类 Y 染色体基因表达如何直接导致非生殖组织中 XX（女性）和 XY（男性）个体之间的差异知之甚少。在这里，我们分析了来自数百个个体的 36 个人体组织中 Y 染色体基因表达的定量图谱。尽管人们常说 Y 染色体基因在睾丸外的表达较低，但我们报告了许多在非生殖组织中 Y 染色体基因表达升高的实例。一个值得注意的例子是EIF1AY，它编码真核翻译起始因子 1A Y-linked，以及它的 X-linked 同源物EIF1AX。Y 连锁 microRNA 靶位点的进化丢失使EIF1AY 上调，但EIF1AX不上调， 在心里。因此，在蛋白质水平上，这种必需的翻译起始因子在男性心脏组织中的含量几乎是女性心脏组织中的两倍。因此，调控序列中 X 和 Y 染色体之间的差异会导致关键的、剂量敏感的调控基因表达中的组织特异性 Y 染色体驱动的性别偏见。