Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum; LOLMU) is one of the most troublesome weeds in temperate regions in the world. This weed species interfere with wheat, corn, rye, and oat, causing significant crop yield losses. This species has evolved glyphosate resistance, making it difficult to control. The mechanisms of glyphosate resistance are still unknown, and an understanding thereof will favor the development of new strategies of management. The present study is the first transcriptome study in LOLMU using glyphosate-resistant and -sensitive biotypes, aiming to identify and to provide a list of the candidate target genes related to glyphosate resistance mechanism. The transcriptome was assembled de novo, producing 87,433 contigs with an N50 of 740 bp and an average length of 575 bp. There were 92 and 54 up- and down-regulated genes, respectively, in the resistant biotype, while a total of 1683 were differentially expressed in the sensitive biotype in response to glyphosate treatment. We selected 14 highly induced genes and seven with repressed expression in the resistant biotype in response to glyphosate. Of these genes, a significant proportion were related to the plasma membrane, indicating that there is a barrier making it difficult for glyphosate to enter the cell.

中文翻译：

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转录组分析确定了多花黑麦草中抗草甘膦抗性机制的候选靶基因。

意大利黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum ; LOLMU） 是世界上温带地区最麻烦的杂草之一。这种杂草物种干扰小麦，玉米，黑麦和燕麦，导致作物单产严重下降。该物种已发展出草甘膦抗性，使其难以控制。草甘膦抗性的机制仍是未知的，对其的理解将有助于开发新的管理策略。本研究是在LOLMU中使用抗草甘膦和敏感性生物型进行的第一个转录组研究，旨在鉴定并提供与草甘膦抗性机制相关的候选靶基因的列表。转录组从头开始组装，可产生87,433个重叠群，N50为740 bp，平均长度为575 bp。在抗性生物型中分别有92和54个上调和下调基因，而响应草甘膦处理的敏感生物型中总共有1683个差异表达。我们选择了14个高度诱导的基因和7个对草甘膦有抗性的生物型表达抑制的基因。在这些基因中，很大一部分与质膜有关，表明存在障碍，使得草甘膦难以进入细胞。