The prevalence of arthritic diseases is increasing in developed countries, but effective treatments are currently lacking. The injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represents a promising approach to counteract the degenerative and inflammatory environment characterizing those pathologies, such as osteoarthritis (OA). However, the majority of clinical approaches based on MSCs are used within an autologous paradigm, with important limitations. For this reason, allogeneic MSCs isolated from cord blood (cbMSCs) and Wharton’s jelly (wjMSCs) gained increasing interest, demonstrating promising results in this field. Moreover, recent evidences shows that MSCs beneficial effects can be related to their secretome rather than to the presence of cells themselves. Among the trophic factors secreted by MSCs, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a promising candidate for the treatment of arthritic joints. In the present review, the application of umbilical cord MSCs and their secretome as innovative therapeutic approaches in the treatment of arthritic joints will be examined. With the prospective of routine clinical applications, umbilical cord MSCs and EVs will be discussed also within an industrial and regulatory perspective.

中文翻译：

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脐带间充质干细胞及其在关节炎疾病治疗中的分泌组：研究和工业视角。

在发达国家，关节炎疾病的患病率正在增加，但是目前缺乏有效的治疗方法。间充质干细胞（MSCs）的注射代表了一种有前途的方法，以抵消表征那些病理特征的变性和炎性环境，例如骨关节炎（OA）。但是，大多数基于MSC的临床方法都在自体范式中使用，但有重要的局限性。因此，从脐带血（cbMSCs）和沃顿氏胶冻（wjMSCs）分离的同种异体MSC越来越引起人们的兴趣，证明了该领域的前景可观。而且，最近的证据表明，MSC的有益作用可能与其分泌组有关，而不是与细胞本身的存在有关。在MSC分泌的营养因子中，细胞外囊泡（EVs）正在成为治疗关节炎关节的有希望的候选者。在本综述中，将研究脐带间充质干细胞及其分泌基因组作为治疗关节炎关节的创新治疗方法的应用。鉴于常规临床应用的前景，还将在工业和法规角度讨论脐带MSC和EV。