As part of the parasite’s excretory/secretory system, extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a potent communication tool of schistosomes with their human host to strike the balance between their own survival in a hostile immunological environment and a minimal damage to the host tissue. Their cargo consists of functional proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that facilitate biological processes like migration, nutrient acquisition, or reproduction. The most important impact of the vesicle-mediated communication, however, is the promotion of the parasite survival via mimicking host protein function and directly or indirectly modulating the immune response of the host. Overcoming this shield of immunological adaption in the schistosome-host relation is the aim of current research activities in this field and crucial for the development of a reliable anti-schistosomal therapy. Not least because of their prospective use in clinical applications, research on EVs is now a rapidly expanding field. We herein focus on the current state of knowledge of vesicle-based communication of schistosomes and discussing the role of EVs in facilitating biological processes and immune modulatory properties of EVs considering the different life stages of the parasite.

中文翻译：

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血吸虫中囊泡分泌介导的病原体-宿主相互作用

作为寄生虫排泄/分泌系统的一部分，细胞外囊泡（EV）是血吸虫与其人类宿主的有效沟通工具，以在其自身在敌对免疫环境中的生存和对宿主组织的最小损害之间取得平衡。它们的货物由功能性蛋白质、脂质和核酸组成，促进迁移、营养获取或繁殖等生物过程。然而，囊泡介导的通讯最重要的影响是通过模仿宿主蛋白功能并直接或间接调节宿主的免疫反应来促进寄生虫的存活。克服血吸虫-宿主关系中免疫适应的屏障是该领域当前研究活动的目标，对于开发可靠的抗血吸虫疗法至关重要。尤其是由于电动汽车在临床应用中的前景，电动汽车的研究现已成为一个快速扩展的领域。本文重点关注血吸虫基于囊泡的通讯的知识现状，并考虑寄生虫的不同生命阶段，讨论 EV 在促进生物过程和免疫调节特性方面的作用。