Climate warming could disrupt species interactions if organisms’ phenologies respond to climate change at different rates. Phenologies of plants and insects can be sensitive to temperature and timing of snowmelt; however, many important pollinators including ground-nesting bees have been little studied in this context. Without knowledge of the environmental cues affecting phenologies of co-occurring species, we have little ability to predict how species assemblages, and species interactions, will be affected by climate change. Here, we studied a hardwood forest understory over six years, to determine how spring temperatures, snowmelt timing, and photoperiod influence the phenology of two spring wildflowers (Anemone spp. and Trillium grandiflorum), activity of ground-nesting bees, and their temporal overlap. Surface degree-day accumulation was a better predictor of phenology for Anemone spp. (plant) and Nomada (bees) than were day of year (a proxy for photoperiod) or snowmelt date, whereas Trillium flowering appeared most sensitive to photoperiodic cues. Activity periods of Andrena and Lasioglossum bees were equally well described by degree-day accumulation and day of year. No taxon’s phenology was best predicted by snowmelt date. Despite these differences among taxa in their phenological responses, timing of bee activity and flowering responded similarly to variation in snowmelt date and early spring temperatures. Furthermore, temporal overlap between flowering and bee activity was similar over the years of this study and was unaffected by variability in snowmelt date or temperature. Nevertheless, the differences among some taxa in their phenological responses suggests that diverging temporal shifts are a possibility for the future.

如果有机物的物候以不同的速率响应气候变化，那么气候变暖可能会破坏物种的相互作用。植物和昆虫的物候对融雪的温度和时间敏感。但是，在这种情况下，对许多重要的授粉媒介，包括地面筑巢的蜜蜂，很少进行研究。在不了解影响共生物种物候的环境线索的情况下，我们几乎无法预测气候变化将如何影响物种组合和物种相互作用。在这里，我们研究了长达6年的硬木林下林，以确定春季温度，融雪时间和光周期如何影响两种春季野花（海葵属和延龄草）的物候。），地面蜂的活动及其时间重叠。表面度日累积是海葵属的更好的物候预测指标。（植物）和Nomada（蜜蜂）比一年中的一天（光周期的代理人）或融雪的日期要多，而延龄草开花似乎对光周期的信号最敏感。的活动时间段Andrena和Lasioglossum蜜蜂的度数-日累计和一年中的日子同样被很好地描述。融雪日期无法最好地预测分类群的物候。尽管分类学在物候响应方面存在这些差异，但蜜蜂活动和开花的时间对融雪日期和早春温度的变化响应相似。此外，在这项研究中，开花和蜜蜂活动之间的时间重叠相似，并且不受融雪日期或温度变化的影响。但是，某些分类群在物候学反应上的差异表明，时间上的差异可能会在未来发生。