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Examining the accuracy of trackways for predicting gait selection and speed of locomotion.
Frontiers in Zoology ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-27 , DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00363-z
Andres Marmol-Guijarro 1 , Robert Nudds 1 , Lars Folkow 2 , Jonathan Codd 1
Affiliation  

Using Froude numbers (Fr) and relative stride length (stride length: hip height), trackways have been widely used to determine the speed and gait of an animal. This approach, however, is limited by the ability to estimate hip height accurately and by the lack of information related to the substrate properties when the tracks were made, in particular for extinct fauna. By studying the Svalbard ptarmigan moving on snow, we assessed the accuracy of trackway predictions from a species-specific model and two additional Fr based models by ground truthing data extracted from videos as the tracks were being made. The species-specific model accounted for more than 60% of the variability in speed for walking and aerial running, but only accounted for 19% when grounded running, likely due to its stabilizing role while moving faster over a changing substrate. The error in speed estimated was 0–35% for all gaits when using the species-specific model, whereas Fr based estimates produced errors up to 55%. The highest errors were associated with the walking gait. The transition between pendular to bouncing gaits fell close to the estimates using relative stride length described for other extant vertebrates. Conversely, the transition from grounded to aerial running appears to be species specific and highly dependent on posture and substrate. Altogether, this study highlights that using trackways to derive predictions on the locomotor speed and gait, using stride length as the only predictor, are problematic as accurate predictions require information from the animal in question.

中文翻译:

检查用于预测步态选择和运动速度的轨道的准确性。

使用弗劳德数 (Fr) 和相对步幅长度(步幅长度:臀部高度),轨道已被广泛用于确定动物的速度和步态。然而,这种方法受限于准确估计臀部高度的能力以及在制作轨道时缺乏与基板特性相关的信息,特别是对于已灭绝的动物群。通过研究在雪地上移动的斯瓦尔巴雷鸟,我们通过在制作轨道时从视频中提取的地面实况数据,评估了来自特定物种模型和另外两个基于 Fr 的模型的轨道预测的准确性。特定物种模型占步行和空中跑步速度变化的 60% 以上,但在地面跑步时仅占 19%,这可能是由于其在变化的基质上更快移动时的稳定作用。使用物种特异性模型时,所有步态的速度估计误差为 0-35%,而基于 Fr 的估计产生的误差高达 55%。最高的错误与步行步态有关。摆动步态到弹跳步态之间的过渡接近使用其他现存脊椎动物描述的相对步幅长度的估计值。相反,从地面跑步到空中跑步的过渡似乎是物种特异性的,并且高度依赖于姿势和基质。总而言之,这项研究强调,使用轨道来预测运动速度和步态,使用步幅作为唯一的预测因子,是有问题的,因为准确的预测需要来自相关动物的信息。而基于 Fr 的估计产生高达 55% 的错误。最高的错误与步行步态有关。摆动步态到弹跳步态之间的过渡接近使用其他现存脊椎动物描述的相对步幅长度的估计值。相反,从地面跑步到空中跑步的过渡似乎是物种特异性的,并且高度依赖于姿势和基质。总而言之,这项研究强调,使用轨道来预测运动速度和步态,使用步幅作为唯一的预测因子,是有问题的,因为准确的预测需要来自相关动物的信息。而基于 Fr 的估计产生高达 55% 的错误。最高的错误与步行步态有关。摆动步态到弹跳步态之间的过渡接近使用其他现存脊椎动物描述的相对步幅长度的估计值。相反,从地面跑步到空中跑步的过渡似乎是物种特异性的,并且高度依赖于姿势和基质。总而言之,这项研究强调,使用轨道来预测运动速度和步态,使用步幅作为唯一的预测因子,是有问题的,因为准确的预测需要来自相关动物的信息。相反,从地面跑步到空中跑步的过渡似乎是物种特异性的,并且高度依赖于姿势和基质。总而言之,这项研究强调,使用轨道来预测运动速度和步态,使用步幅作为唯一的预测因子,是有问题的,因为准确的预测需要来自相关动物的信息。相反,从地面跑步到空中跑步的过渡似乎是物种特异性的,并且高度依赖于姿势和基质。总而言之,这项研究强调,使用轨道来预测运动速度和步态,使用步幅作为唯一的预测因子,是有问题的,因为准确的预测需要来自相关动物的信息。
更新日期:2020-05-27
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