Abstract

Introduction

A schema is a previously learned framework of information that helps the learning and retention of new, but related material. We examined how sleep, compared to staying awake following the acquisition of a schema, and thereafter novel material, affects the consolidation of new memoranda that were either embedded or not into the learned schema. We also tested if sleep affects the inference of hierarchy within these memoranda.

Methods

54 adolescents (mean age 16.6 years; 26 males) learned the age hierarchy of 7 galaxies by viewing adjacent pairs, one at a time e.g. A-B, D-E, and making transitive inferences (If B>C and C>D then B>D). Once this schema was learned to criterion, participants learned two new sets of galaxies: one set comprised 5 galaxies from the schema and 4 new, intercalated galaxies; the other contained 9 unfamiliar galaxies (schema & no-schema conditions). Memory for galaxy ordering was tested immediately after learning and again after 12-hours. One group(n=25) was kept awake in the day, while the other group (n=29) slept overnight for 8-h. Memory was tested for galaxies that were directly adjacent e.g. A-B, as well as for ‘inference pairs’ that were two apart: e.g.:(B-D, C-E).

Results

Change in memory following the respective 12-hour intervals was analyzed using a mixed ANOVA with schema (schema, no-schema) and pair-type (adjacent, inference) as within-subject factors and sleep group (sleep/awake) as the between-subjects factor. There were significant main effects of sleep and pair type as well as a significant interaction, where schema-related memory was better preserved in the sleep group. This group also had higher performance for inference pairs embedded within the original schema.

Conclusion

Sleep benefitted the consolidation of new memoranda embedded in a schema. This benefit was stronger for non-adjacent inference pairs suggesting that sleep boosts insight into non-explicitly declared, hierarchically organized information.

Support

Supported by NMRC/STaR/0015/2013 and NRF2016-SOL002-001

中文翻译：

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0095睡眠增强了与模式相关的内存合并和推断

摘要

介绍

模式是先前学习的信息框架，可帮助学习和保留新的但相关的资料。我们研究了睡眠（与获取模式后保持清醒状态相比）以及之后的新颖材料如何影响新的备忘录的整合，这些备忘录要么嵌入或不嵌入到学习的模式中。我们还测试了睡眠是否会影响这些备忘录中的层次推理。

方法

54个青少年（平均年龄16.6岁；男性26岁）通过观察相邻的一对星系（一次，例如AB，DE）并进行传递推论来了解7个星系的年龄等级（如果B> C和C> D然后B> D） 。一旦了解了该模式后，参与者就学会了两套新的星系：一组包括该模式中的5个星系和4个新的插层星系；另一组包括5个星系。另一个包含9个不熟悉的星系（模式和非模式条件）。学习后立即测试银河秩序的记忆，然后在12小时后再次测试。一组（n = 25）在一天中保持清醒状态，而另一组（n = 29）则整夜睡眠8小时。测试了内存以查找直接相邻的星系（例如AB）以及两个分开的“推断对”：例如：（BD，CE）。

结果

使用混合方差分析（ANOVA），将图式（模式，无模式）和成对类型（相邻，推论）作为对象内因素，并以睡眠组（睡眠/清醒）作为两者之间的混合方差分析来分析在相应的12小时间隔后的记忆变化-主体因素。睡眠和配对类型具有显着的主要影响，以及显着的交互作用，其中与模式相关的记忆在睡眠组中得到更好的保存。对于嵌入在原始模式中的推理对，该组也具有更高的性能。

结论

睡眠使整合在架构中的新备忘录的合并受益匪浅。对于非相邻的推理对，此好处更强，表明睡眠可增强对未明确声明的，层次结构化的信息的了解。

支持

受NMRC / STaR / 0015/2013和NRF2016-SOL002-001支持