The objective of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of royal jelly (RJ) and propolis on growth, aflatoxin production and aflR gene expression in Aspergillus parasiticus. Inhibitory effect of RJ and propolis against a standard strain of A. parasiticus(ATCC 15517) was determined alone and in combination in accordance with the CLSI M38‐A2 and checkerboard methods, respectively. The aflatoxin concentrations in the control and treated media were determined by HPLC. Also, the quantitative changes in the aflR gene expression were analyzed. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of RJ and propolis alone were 3,200 and 100μg/ml, respectively. Also, the MICs of RJ and propolis in combination were 200 and 25μg/ml, respectively. When combined, a synergistic interaction was observed with a FICI of 0.312. Total levels of aflatoxin decreased from 386.1ppm to 8.72, 3.01 and 1.75ppm at 1,600μg/ml of RJ, 50μg/ml of propolis and 100+12.5μg/ml of RJ and propolis, respectively. In addition, the level of afIR gene expression was significantly decreased after treatment with RJ and propolis extracts alone and with their combination. The findings reveal that RJ and propolis extracts, either alone or in combination, have a significant inhibitory effect on aflR gene expression in aflatoxin production.

中文翻译：

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蜂王浆和蜂胶单独使用或联合使用对寄生曲霉生长，黄曲霉毒素产生和aflR基因表达的抑制作用

这项研究的目的是确定蜂王浆（RJ）和蜂胶对寄生曲霉的生长，黄曲霉毒素产生和aflR基因表达的抑制作用。分别根据CLSI M38-A2和棋盘法确定RJ和蜂胶对标准菌株A. parasiticus（ATCC 15517）的抑制作用。通过HPLC确定对照和处理的培养基中的黄曲霉毒素浓度。同样，aflR的定量变化分析基因表达。RJ和蜂胶的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为3200和100μg/ ml。同样，RJ和蜂胶组合的MIC分别为200和25μg/ ml。当组合时，观察到协同相互作用，FICI为0.312。在1,600μg/ ml的RJ，50μg/ ml的蜂胶和100 +12.5μg/ ml的RJ和蜂胶下，黄曲霉毒素的总含量分别从386.1ppm降至8.72、3.01和1.75ppm。另外，单独用RJ和蜂胶提取物及其组合处理后，afIR基因表达水平显着降低。这些发现表明，RJ和蜂胶提取物，无论是单独还是组合使用，都对黄曲霉毒素生产中的aflR基因表达具有明显的抑制作用。