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The impact of misclassification on covariate‐adaptive randomized clinical trials
Biometrics ( IF 1.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-26 , DOI: 10.1111/biom.13308
Tong Wang 1 , Wei Ma 1
Affiliation  

Covariate-adaptive randomization is widely used in clinical trials to balance treatment allocation over covariates. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made on the theoretical properties of covariate-adaptive design and associated inference. However, most results are established under the assumption that the covariates are correctly measured. In practice, measurement error is inevitable, resulting in misclassification for discrete covariates. When covariate misclassification is present in a clinical trial conducted using covariate-adaptive randomization, the impact is twofold: it impairs the intended covariate balance, and raises concerns over the validity of test procedures. In this paper, we consider the impact of misclassification on covariate-adaptive randomized trials from the perspectives of both design and inference. We derive the asymptotic normality, and thereby the convergence rate, of the imbalance of the true covariates for a general family of covariate-adaptive randomization methods, and show that a superior covariate balance can still be attained compared to complete randomization. We also show that the two sample t-test is conservative, with a reduced Type I error, but that this can be corrected using a bootstrap method. Moreover, if the misclassified covariates are adjusted in the model used for analysis, the test maintains its nominal Type I error, with an increased power. Our results support the use of covariate-adaptive randomization in clinical trials, even when the covariates are subject to misclassification.

中文翻译:

错误分类对协变量自适应随机临床试验的影响

协变量自适应随机化广泛用于临床试验以平衡协变量的治疗分配。在过去的十年中,协变量自适应设计和相关推理的理论特性取得了重大进展。然而,大多数结果是在正确测量协变量的假设下建立的。在实践中,测量误差是不可避免的,导致离散协变量的错误分类。当使用协变量自适应随机化进行的临床试验中存在协变量错误分类时,其影响是双重的:它损害了预期的协变量平衡,并引发了对测试程序有效性的担忧。在本文中,我们从设计和推理的角度考虑错误分类对协变量自适应随机试验的影响。我们推导出一般协变量自适应随机化方法系列的真实协变量不平衡的渐近正态性,从而得出收敛速度,并表明与完全随机化相比,仍然可以获得更好的协变量平衡。我们还表明,两个样本 t 检验是保守的,减少了 I 类错误,但这可以使用引导方法进行纠正。此外,如果错误分类的协变量在用于分析的模型中进行了调整,则测试将保持其名义 I 类错误,并具有增加的功效。我们的结果支持在临床试验中使用协变量自适应随机化,即使协变量容易被错误分类。对一般协变量自适应随机化方法家族的真实协变量不平衡的分析,并表明与完全随机化相比,仍然可以获得更好的协变量平衡。我们还表明,两个样本 t 检验是保守的,减少了 I 类错误,但这可以使用引导方法进行纠正。此外,如果错误分类的协变量在用于分析的模型中进行了调整,则测试将保持其名义 I 类错误,并具有增加的功效。我们的结果支持在临床试验中使用协变量自适应随机化,即使协变量容易被错误分类。对一般协变量自适应随机化方法家族的真实协变量不平衡的分析,并表明与完全随机化相比,仍然可以获得更好的协变量平衡。我们还表明,两个样本 t 检验是保守的,减少了 I 类错误,但这可以使用引导方法进行纠正。此外,如果错误分类的协变量在用于分析的模型中进行了调整,则测试将保持其名义 I 类错误,并具有增加的功效。我们的结果支持在临床试验中使用协变量自适应随机化,即使协变量容易被错误分类。减少了 I 类错误,但这可以使用引导方法进行纠正。此外,如果错误分类的协变量在用于分析的模型中进行了调整,则测试将保持其名义 I 类错误,并具有增加的功效。我们的结果支持在临床试验中使用协变量自适应随机化,即使协变量容易被错误分类。减少了 I 类错误,但这可以使用引导方法进行纠正。此外,如果错误分类的协变量在用于分析的模型中进行了调整,则测试将保持其名义 I 类错误,并具有增加的功效。我们的结果支持在临床试验中使用协变量自适应随机化,即使协变量容易被错误分类。
更新日期:2020-05-26
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