Purpose Green manufacturing (GM) is the environmental benign manufacturing of products with a minimal negative impact on the natural environment. Research studies on GM have increased in the last years with attention to the application of life cycle assessment (LCA). However, the manufacturing industry still faces some barriers and challenges that hinder a proper practical integration of GM using LCA. Accordingly, this paper performs an LCA-based GM case study of a wood-based industry that produces particleboards to investigate environmental hotspots and suggests GM indicators and solutions for a hot-pressing machine tool. Methods A case study of a wood-based industry that produces particleboards in Brazil was designed. A LCA-based GM framework was developed and applied according to its three phases: pre-assessment, environmental assessment and monitoring, and post-assessment. Each phase is composed of specific stages and each stage has its own activities and goals. To quantify the environmental life cycle impacts, the ILCD midpoint method with 13 impact categories was selected. Based on these environmental impacts, a set of indicators and solutions was designed to improve the product life cycle impacts through a greener manufacturing process of particleboards. A cradle-to-grave approach was used to model the particleboard life cycle and the manufacturing phase was modeled based on the unit process life cycle inventory (UPLCI) methodology. Results and discussion The particleboard manufacture was designed into five unit processes and results of the pre-assessment showed that the hot-pressing unit was the most relevant process because of its direct and indirect impacts mainly to human toxicity cancer effects, global warming, and photochemical ozone formation. During the environmental assessment and monitoring phase, the hot-pressing machine was then investigated based on the main contributors to the caused environmental impacts, i.e., electricity consumption and air emissions of free formaldehyde, as well as in terms of its most relevant process parameters: pressure ( P ) and temperature ( T ). Opportunities to reduce up to 21% upstream impacts and up to 41% downstream impacts were identified from making simple changes to the hot-pressing parameters. Further investigation in the post-assessment revealed that environmental impacts can be estimated based on the applied P and T values and GM indicators were suggested. Conclusions The proposed GM framework can be used in other case studies to integrate GM + LCA in practice. Results of the case study application showed that the hot-pressing machine was a hotspot into the cradle-to-grave life cycle impacts of particleboards and the proposed GM indicators can be used to predict life cycle impacts at manufacturing level.

中文翻译：

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热压机生产刨花板的生命周期评估：热点、环境指标和解决方案

目的 绿色制造 (GM) 是对自然环境的负面影响最小的环境友好型产品制造。近年来，随着对生命周期评估 (LCA) 应用的关注，对转基因的研究有所增加。然而，制造业仍然面临一些障碍和挑战，阻碍了使用 LCA 对 GM 进行适当的实际整合。因此，本文对生产刨花板的木质工业进行了基于 LCA 的 GM 案例研究，以调查环境热点，并为热压机床提出 GM 指标和解决方案。方法 设计了一个在巴西生产刨花板的木质工业案例研究。基于 LCA 的 GM 框架的开发和应用分为三个阶段：预评估、环境评估和监测，以及后评估。每个阶段由特定的阶段组成，每个阶段都有自己的活动和目标。为了量化环境生命周期的影响，选择了具有 13 个影响类别的 ILCD 中点法。基于这些环境影响，设计了一套指标和解决方案，通过更环保的刨花板制造过程来改善产品生命周期的影响。使用从摇篮到坟墓的方法对刨花板生命周期进行建模，并根据单元过程生命周期清单 (UPLCI) 方法对制造阶段进行建模。结果与讨论 刨花板制造被设计成五个单元过程，预评估结果表明热压单元是最相关的过程，因为它的直接和间接影响主要是对人类毒性癌症效应、全球变暖和光化学反应。臭氧的形成。在环境评估和监测阶段，根据造成环境影响的主要因素，即游离甲醛的电力消耗和空气排放，以及其最相关的工艺参数，对热压机进行了调查：压力 ( P ) 和温度 ( T )。通过对热压参数进行简单更改，确定了减少高达 21% 的上游影响和高达 41% 的下游影响的机会。后评估的进一步调查表明，可以根据应用的 P 和 T 值估计环境影响，并建议使用 GM 指标。结论 提议的 GM 框架可用于其他案例研究，以在实践中整合 GM + LCA。案例研究应用的结果表明，热压机是刨花板从摇篮到坟墓生命周期影响的热点，所提出的 GM 指标可用于预测制造层面的生命周期影响。