Lithium-doped ZnO (Zn_1-xLi_xO) nanoparticles were fabricated using the hydrothermal process. XRD patterns showed that the Li⁺ ions substituted into different lattice sites depending on the level of the doping of Li⁺ into this semiconductor. The Williamson-Hall plots of the same XRD showed that the strains and sizes of the nanoparticles do not changed monotonically. Using the Tau plot to analyze the effects of the Li⁺ substitution on the optical (UV-Vis absorption) by the nanoparticles, the changes in the observed values of the energy gaps of the different doped semiconductor were seen not to decrease continuously. A VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer) was used to measure the hysteresis loops of our Zn_1-xLi_xO NPs (originally, the nonmagnetic semiconductor XnO doped with the nonmagnetic Li⁺ ions). Our VSM measurements shows that the saturation magnetization (emu/g) and coercive force of these nanoparticles increased or decreased, respectively, as the level of Li⁺ doping increased. Photoluminescence emission at ≈ 510 nm showed that the Li⁺ doping led to the creation of more zinc vacancies, which in turn generates more virtual magnetic moments. Our results support the vacancy-induced d⁰ electron model of ferromagnetism in nonmagnetic ion-doped ZnO nanoparticles.

中文翻译：

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Li +离子掺杂增强ZnO NPs中虚拟磁矩的形成

使用水热工艺制备了掺锂的ZnO（Zn _1-x Li _x O）纳米颗粒。XRD图谱表明，取决于向该半导体中Li ⁺的掺杂水平，Li ⁺离子取代成不同的晶格位。相同XRD的Williamson-Hall图表明，纳米颗粒的应变和尺寸没有单调变化。使用Tau图分析纳米粒子对Li ⁺取代对光学（紫外-可见吸收）的影响，观察到不同掺杂半导体的能隙观测值的变化不会连续减小。VSM（振动样品磁力计）用于测量锌的磁滞回线_1-x Li _x O NPs（最初是非磁性半导体XnO掺杂有非磁性Li ⁺离子）。我们的VSM测量表明，随着Li ⁺掺杂水平的提高，这些纳米颗粒的饱和磁化强度（emu / g）和矫顽力分别增加或降低。≈510 nm处的光致发光表明，Li ⁺掺杂导致了更多的锌空位的产生，进而产生了更多的虚拟磁矩。我们的结果支持非磁性离子掺杂的ZnO纳米粒子中空位诱导的铁磁性d ⁰电子模型。