Educational facilities present the largest share of the oldest buildings in Europe and contribute greatly to high energy use. In order to stimulate building energy efficiency, the present day extensive renovations are going towards narrow-minded measures with minimisation of ventilation losses by minimal permissible design ventilation rates. In Slovenia, such an approach is supported by national legislation and results in uncomfortable and unhealthy conditions as well as other negative health-related outcomes. The main purpose of this study was to critically assess the relevant problems related to the deteriorated indoor air quality (IAQ) in a renovated kindergarten. First, a systematic literature review on health outcomes related to inadequate ventilation in kindergartens is presented. Second, in a case study on a renovated kindergarten in Slovenia, IAQ and energy use are critically assessed for 13 sets of scenarios, where design ventilation rates variated according to legal requirements and recommendations. CO₂ concentrations were simulated in two model playrooms with CONTAM 3.2. Indicators of energy use were simulated with EnergyPlus 8.8.0, with and without recuperation. The results of literature review revealed that insufficient ventilation was positively associated with higher prevalence of negative health outcomes. Simulations of CO₂ in two playrooms showed that the highest CO₂ concentrations resulted in scenario 1 with 0.5 ACH and scenario 4 with 1.5 m³/(h·m²), both defined by national rules. The calculated values in both scenarios exceeded the national required value for CO₂ (1667 ppm) by 2.5 times and 3 times, and the recommended value for Category I of indoor environmental quality defined by EN 15251: 2007 (750 ppm) by 5.6 times and 6.6 times. Scenario 9_Cat I with 14 L/(s·m²) defined by EN 15251: 2007 resulted in minimal CO₂ (playroom 1: 512 ppm, playroom 2: 536 ppm) and corresponded to the recommended values defined by studies, where no health effects were observed. Energy simulations showed that the application of recuperation in scenario 9_Cat I, minimised heat losses by ventilation by factor 3.6 in playroom 1 and 3.5 in playroom 2 compared to losses without recuperation. Design ventilation rates defined by the design approach of minimal permissible value resulted in conditions relevant for Category IV of indoor environmental quality and have to be prevented. Recommendations in national policies and environmental health strategies can be used in all stages of healthy and energy efficient design of buildings.

中文翻译：

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幼儿园能源改造对室内空气质量的影响

教育设施是欧洲最古老的建筑物中最大的份额，并为高能耗做出了巨大贡献。为了提高建筑物的能源效率，当今的大规模改建正朝着狭narrow的方向发展，以最小的允许设计通风率将通风损失降至最低。在斯洛文尼亚，这种方法得到国家立法的支持，并导致不舒服和不健康的状况以及其他与健康有关的负面结果。这项研究的主要目的是批判性地评估与装修后的幼儿园中室内空气质量恶化有关的问题。首先，对有关幼儿园通风不良的健康结果进行系统的文献综述。第二，在斯洛文尼亚一家翻新幼儿园的案例研究中，对13组方案的室内空气质量和能源使用进行了严格评估，这些方案的设计通风率根据法律要求和建议而有所不同。一氧化碳使用CONTAM 3.2在两个模型游戏室中模拟了_2种浓度。能源使用指标在带有和不带有回收的情况下通过EnergyPlus 8.8.0进行了模拟。文献综述的结果表明，通气不足与不良健康结局的高发生率呈正相关。在两个游戏室中对CO _2的模拟表明，最高的CO ₂浓度导致情景1的空气污染系数为0.5，情景4的空气污染物浓度为1.5 m ³ /（h·m ²），均由国家法规定义。两种情况下的计算值都超过了国家对CO _2的要求值（1667 ppm）分别是2.5倍和3倍，而EN 15251：2007定义的室内环境质量I类推荐值（750 ppm）分别是5.6倍和6.6倍。场景9_Cat I的EN 15251：2007定义为14 L /（s·m ²）产生的CO ₂最少（游戏室1：512 ppm，游戏室2：536 ppm），并且对应于研究确定的建议值，未观察到健康影响。能量模拟显示，方案9_Cat I中的换热应用与不进行换热的损失相比，将游戏室1中的通风热损失降低了3.6倍，将游戏室2中的通风损失了3.5倍。由最小允许值的设计方法定义的设计通风率导致产生与室内环境质量IV类相关的条件，因此必须加以预防。国家政策和环境健康策略中的建议可用于建筑物健康和节能设计的所有阶段。