Our second selection for an innovation that changed mammalogy is the Japanese mist net, which was a repurposing of a centuries old invention. Prior to the availability of these nets, mammalogists had limited ability to sample members of the order Chiroptera. Samples of bats were obtained primarily from day roosts or hibernacula, or by shooting them in the evening twilight as they hawked insects. Tropical species were particularly underestimated by the old methods. The use of mist nets by both American mammalogists and ornithologists began in the 1950s, resulting in an explosion of research and publications about bats and birds in all areas of their biology. The capability to capture volant animals alive and unharmed has contributed significantly to our understanding of the Chiroptera, which is second only to the order Rodentia within Mammalia in species diversity, with more than 1,400 recent species described and more being discovered as our knowledge continues to expand. Originally constructed of silk dyed black, the Japanese style of mist net—kasumi-ami—is believed to have been developed in the middle of the 17th century in Ishikawa Prefecture along the coast of the Sea of Japan (Fig. 1). From there, it spread to the nearby prefectures of Gifu and Nagano, and beyond. These prefectures were at the point of landfall along a major flyway for birds, especially thrushes, bramblings, siskins, buntings, and sparrows, migrating from summer breeding grounds in northeastern Asia and Siberia to winter in southern Japan. The nets were used for catching small birds both for local consumption and sale of the meat. The Japanese attempted to control these practices with a series of conservation laws beginning as early as 1873, but these laws only were weakly enforced (Macpherson 1897; Austin 1947; Aldous 2015). The use of mist nets by the Japanese to catch birds first was made known to scientists in North America through a report written by Oliver Austin (1947) during the Allied Occupation of Japan. Austin, a Harvard-educated ornithologist, served as Head of the Wildlife Branch, Natural Resources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, from its inception in September 1946 until the successful completion of its mission in February 1950. Austin’s main objective was the conservation of Japanese wildlife, restoration of sound wildlife management practices, and the prevention of overexploitation of these resources by the U.S. military personnel and Japanese netters. Summarizing this harvest, Austin (1947:13) wrote “the yearly take . . . averaged 4,500,000 birds . . . this adds an appreciable amount of protein food to the diet . . . along the flight routes.” Austin’s information on the efficient use of mist nets in capturing birds was picked up and put to use by ornithologists in North America, who recognized the potential of these nets for their work (McClure 1956a, 1956b; Low 1957; Keyes and Grue 1982). In 1950, Walter Dalquest received three silk mist nets from his mentor George Lowery, the ornithologist–mammalogist at Louisiana State University, to use for his dissertation work on the mammals of San Luis Potosí. His work was met with almost immediate success, catching species of bats unknown to the region and catching rare species in series not seen previously; but there also was considerable trial and error. One evening a cow ran through an open net catching the net on its horns and dragging it into the surrounding brush. On another evening, nets probably were opened too early and were damaged by capturing several large birds, including a Black Vulture, a Common Pauraque, two Plain Chachalacas, and three Whitetipped Doves. Based on his initial experience netting bats in San Luis Potosí, Dalquest (1954) had some observations for future bat netters: 1) netting does not give a complete picture of the bat fauna of an area, 2) placement of nets must be adapted to local conditions, 3) nets should be set close to the ground, 4) nets should be guarded when set or visited at short intervals, 5) trapped bats should be removed from the net immediately, and 6) be prepared to take careful notes on times bats are captured and other natural history observations. By 1957, W. B. applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" applyparastyle "fig" parastyle "Figure"

中文翻译：

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改变哺乳动物学的创新：日本雾网

我们对改变哺乳动物学的创新的第二个选择是日本的雾网，它是对百年历史发明的再利用。在这些网可用之前，哺乳动物学家对手足目成员进行采样的能力有限。蝙蝠的样本主要来自日间栖息地或冬眠区，或者在黄昏时分猎杀昆虫。旧方法尤其低估了热带物种。美国哺乳动物学家和鸟类学家从 1950 年代开始使用雾网，导致有关蝙蝠和鸟类生物学各个领域的研究和出版物激增。捕获活而未受伤害的自由动物的能力对我们对手足目的理解做出了重大贡献，它在物种多样性方面仅次于哺乳动物中的啮齿类目，有超过 1,400 个最近的物种被描述，随着我们知识的不断扩展，更多物种被发现。最初由染成黑色的丝绸制成的日式雾网——kasumi-ami——据信是在 17 世纪中叶在日本海沿岸的石川县开发的（图 1）。从那里，它蔓延到附近的岐阜县和长野县，以及更远的地方。这些县正处于鸟类主要迁徙路线的登陆点，尤其是画眉、荆棘、鸫、鹀和麻雀，它们从东北亚和西伯利亚的夏季繁殖地迁徙到日本南部的冬季。这些网被用来捕捉小鸟，供当地消费和出售肉类。日本人早在 1873 年就试图通过一系列保护法来控制这些做法，但这些法律只是执行不力（Macpherson 1897；Austin 1947；Aldous 2015）。在盟军占领日本期间，奥利弗·奥斯汀 (Oliver Austin) (1947) 撰写的一份报告让北美科学家首先知道日本人使用雾网捕鸟。奥斯汀是一位受过哈佛教育的鸟类学家，从 1946 年 9 月成立到 1950 年 2 月成功完成任务，他一直担任总司令部自然资源科野生动物处处长、盟军最高指挥官。奥斯汀的主要目标是保护日本野生动物，恢复健全的野生动物管理实践，以及防止美国对这些资源的过度开发 军事人员和日本网民。Austin (1947:13) 总结了这次收获，写道“每年的收获。. . 平均 4,500,000 只鸟。. . 这在饮食中增加了相当数量的蛋白质食物。. . 沿着航线。” 奥斯汀关于有效使用雾网捕捉鸟类的信息被北美的鸟类学家收集并投入使用，他们认识到这些网在他们的工作中的潜力（McClure 1956a，1956b；Low 1957；Keyes 和 Grue 1982）。1950 年，沃尔特·达尔奎斯特 (Walter Dalquest) 从他的导师、路易斯安那州立大学的鸟类学家兼哺乳动物学家乔治·洛瑞 (George Lowery) 那里收到了三张丝网，用于他关于圣路易斯波托西 (San Luis Potosí) 哺乳动物的论文工作。他的工作几乎立即取得了成功，捕捉了该地区未知的蝙蝠物种，并捕捉了以前从未见过的稀有物种；但也有相当多的反复试验。一天晚上，一头母牛跑过一张张开的网，用它的角抓住网，然后把它拖进周围的灌木丛中。在另一个晚上，网可能打开得太早，并因捕获了几只大型鸟类而损坏，其中包括一只黑秃鹫、一只普通 Pauraque、两只普通 Chachalacas 和三只白头鸽。Dalquest (1954) 根据他在 San Luis Potosí 捕网蝙蝠的初步经验，对未来的蝙蝠捕网者进行了一些观察：1) 网并不能提供一个区域蝙蝠动物群的完整图片，2) 网的放置必须适应因地制宜，3) 网应贴近地面，4) 设置或访问网时应注意防护，5) 应立即将被困蝙蝠从网中取出，6) 准备好仔细记录蝙蝠被捕获的时间和其他自然历史观察。到 1957 年，WB applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" applyparastyle "fig" parastyle "Figure"