In this study, we aim to analyse the glacier dynamics of land-terminating glaciers in King George Island (Antarctica) between 1956 and 2018. Glacial fluctuations are estimated using space-borne remote sensing data (SPOT, Landsat, PlanetScope, Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, WorldView-2 and TanDEM-X). The eastern sector of Warszawa Icefield witnessed continuous glacier retreat during 1979–2018 (surface loss of 30%). The decreases in the ice-covered areas of the Tower, Windy, Ecology, Baranowski and Sphinx glaciers were 70%, 31%, 25%, 25% and 21%, respectively, with their accumulation area ratios (AARs) exhibiting negative mass balances. The winter air temperature was cooler during the 1970s with warming trends in the 1980s and early 2000s followed by a cooling trend until the present day. However, the annual time series has shown high interannual variability in air temperature during these periods. We show that the AAR, dimensions, length, frontal elevation, maximum elevation, slope and changes in the terminus position influence the glacier response to climate change at various timescales. Furthermore, three geomorphic activity intensity zones and a complete paraglacial sequence are identified while contrasting the proglacial systems. Overall, subglacial deposits predominate and indicate that meltwater flows on the bed, producing wet-based thermal regimes.

中文翻译：

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南极洲乔治王岛近期气候变化的陆地终止冰川反应对比

在这项研究中，我们旨在分析 1956 年至 2018 年间乔治王岛（南极洲）陆地终止冰川的冰川动态。使用星载遥感数据（SPOT、Landsat、PlanetScope、Sentinel-1、 Sentinel-2、WorldView-2 和 TanDEM-X）。1979 年至 2018 年期间，华沙冰原东部地区的冰川持续退缩（地表损失 30%）。Tower、Windy、Ecology、Baranowski 和 Sphinx 冰川的冰盖面积分别减少了 70%、31%、25%、25% 和 21%，其累积面积比 (AAR) 呈现负质量平衡. 1970 年代冬季气温较低，1980 年代和 2000 年代初呈变暖趋势，随后呈降温趋势，直至今日。然而，年度时间序列显示，这些时期气温的年际变化很大。我们表明，AAR、尺寸、长度、正面高程、最大高程、坡度和终点位置的变化会影响冰川在不同时间尺度上对气候变化的响应。此外，在对比前冰期系统的同时，还确定了三个地貌活动强度区和一个完整的冰川旁序列。总体而言，冰下沉积物占主导地位，表明融水在床上流动，产生湿基热状态。在对比前冰期系统的同时，确定了三个地貌活动强度区和一个完整的冰川旁序列。总体而言，冰下沉积物占主导地位，表明融水在床上流动，产生湿基热状态。在对比前冰期系统的同时，确定了三个地貌活动强度区和一个完整的冰川旁序列。总体而言，冰下沉积物占主导地位，表明融水在床上流动，产生湿基热状态。