Mouse lung is a common site for chemical tumorigenicity, but the relevance to human risk remains debated. Long-term bioassays need to be assessed for appropriateness of the dose, neither exceeding Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) nor Kinetically based Maximum Dose (KMD). An example of the KMD issue is 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), which only produced an increased incidence of lung tumors at a dose exceeding the KMD. In addition, since mouse lung tumors are common (>1% incidence), the appropriate statistical significance is p < .01. Numerous differences exist for mouse lung and tumors compared to humans, including anatomy, respiratory rate, metabolism, tumor histogenesis, and metastatic frequency. The recent demonstration of the critical role of mouse lung specific Cyp2 F2 metabolism in mouse lung carcinogenicity including styrene or fluensulfone indicates that this tumor response is not qualitatively or quantitatively relevant to humans. For non-DNA reactive and non-mutagenic carcinogens, the mode of action involves direct mitogenicity such as for isoniazid, styrene, fluensulfone, permethrin or cytotoxicity with regeneration such as for naphthalene. However, the possibility of mixed mitogenic and cytotoxic modes of action cannot always be excluded. The numerous differences between mouse and human, combined with epidemiologic evidence of no increased cancer risk for several of these chemicals make the relevance of mouse lung tumors for human cancer risk dubious.

小鼠肺是化学致瘤性的常见部位，但与人类风险的相关性仍存在争议。需要评估长期生物测定的剂量是否合适，既不超过最大耐受剂量（MTD），也不超过基于运动学的最大剂量（KMD）。KMD问题的一个例子是1,3-二氯丙烯（1,3-D），它在超过KMD的剂量下只会增加肺癌的发生率。此外，由于小鼠肺部肿瘤很常见（发生率> 1％），因此适当的统计学意义是p<.01。与人类相比，小鼠肺部和肿瘤存在许多差异，包括解剖结构，呼吸频率，代谢，肿瘤组织发生和转移频率。小鼠肺特异性Cyp2 F2代谢在包括苯乙烯或氟苯砜在内的小鼠肺致癌性中的关键作用的最新研究表明，这种肿瘤反应与人类没有定性或定量相关性。对于非DNA反应性和非诱变性致癌物，作用方式涉及直接有丝分裂性，例如异烟肼，苯乙烯，氟苯砜，苄氯菊酯或细胞毒性，并具有细胞再生毒性，例如萘。但是，不能总是排除混合有丝分裂和细胞毒性作用方式的可能性。人与老鼠之间的众多差异，