Artificial small RNAs (art-sRNAs), such as artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) and synthetic trans-acting small interfering RNAs (syn-tasiRNAs), are highly specific 21-nucleotide small RNAs designed to recognize and silence complementary target RNAs. Art-sRNAs are extensively used in gene function studies or for improving crops, particularly to protect plants against viruses. Typically, antiviral art-sRNAs are computationally designed to target one or multiple sites in viral RNAs with high specificity, and art-sRNA constructs are generated and introduced into plants that are subsequently challenged with the target virus(es). Numerous studies have reported the successful application of art-sRNAs to induce resistance against a large number of RNA and DNA viruses in model and crop species. However, the application of art-sRNAs as an antiviral tool has limitations, such as the difficulty to predict the efficacy of a particular art-sRNA or the emergence of virus variants with mutated target sites escaping to art-sRNA-mediated degradation. Here, we review the different classes, features, and uses of art-sRNA-based tools to induce antiviral resistance in plants. We also provide strategies for the rational design of antiviral art-sRNAs and discuss the latest advances in developing art-sRNA-based methodologies for enhanced resistance to plant viruses.

中文翻译：

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基于小RNA的人工沉默工具，用于植物的抗病毒抗性。

人工小RNA（art-sRNA），例如人工microRNA（amiRNA）和合成反式小干扰RNA（syn-tasiRNA），是高度特异性的21个核苷酸的小RNA，旨在识别和沉默互补靶RNA。Art-sRNA被广泛用于基因功能研究或改善农作物，特别是保护植物免受病毒侵害。典型地，抗病毒的art-sRNA被设计为以高特异性靶向病毒RNA中的一个或多个位点，并且art-sRNA构建体被产生并引入植物中，随后被靶病毒攻击。大量研究报道了art-sRNA在模型和农作物物种中成功诱导对多种RNA和DNA病毒产生抗性的成功应用。然而，art-sRNA作为抗病毒工具的应用存在局限性，例如难以预测特定art-sRNA的功效或出现带有突变靶位点的病毒变体，这些靶点逃逸了art-sRNA介导的降解。在这里，我们回顾了基于art-sRNA的工具在植物中诱导抗病毒抗性的不同类别，功能和用途。我们还提供合理设计抗病毒art-sRNA的策略，并讨论开发基于art-sRNA的方法以增强对植物病毒的抗性的最新进展。和基于art-sRNA的工具在植物中诱导抗病毒抗性的用途。我们还提供了合理设计抗病毒art-sRNA的策略，并讨论了开发基于art-sRNA的方法以增强对植物病毒的抗性的最新进展。和基于art-sRNA的工具在植物中诱导抗病毒抗性的用途。我们还提供合理设计抗病毒art-sRNA的策略，并讨论开发基于art-sRNA的方法以增强对植物病毒的抗性的最新进展。