Penicilium griseofulvum, the causal agent of apple blue mold, is able to produce in vitro and on apple a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites (SM), including patulin, roquefortine C and griseofulvin. Among them, griseofulvin is known for its antifungal and antiproliferative activity, and has received interest in many sectors, from medicine to agriculture. The biosynthesis of SM is finely regulated by filamentous fungi and can involve global regulators and pathway specific regulators, which are usually encoded by genes present in the same gene cluster as the backbone gene and tailoring enzymes. In the griseofulvin gene cluster, two putative transcription factors were previously identified, encoded by genes gsfR1 and gsfR2, and their role has been investigated in the present work. Analysis of P. griseofulvum knockout mutants lacking either gene suggest that gsfR2 forms part of a different pathway and gsfR1 exhibits many spectra of action, acting as regulator of griseofulvin and patulin biosynthesis and influencing conidia production and virulence on apple. The analysis of gsfR1 promoter revealed that the regulation of griseofulvin biosynthesis is also controlled by global regulators in response to many environmental stimuli, such as carbon and nitrogen. The influence of carbon and nitrogen on griseofulvin production was further investigated and verified, revealing a complex network of response and confirming the central role of gsfR1 in many processes in P. griseofulvum.

苹果蓝霉病的病原体灰霉菌青霉菌能够在体外和在苹果上产生多种次级代谢产物（SM），包括棒曲霉素，罗克福汀C和灰黄霉素。其中，灰黄霉素以其抗真菌和抗增殖活性而闻名，并已引起许多领域的关注，从医学到农业。SM的生物合成受到丝状真菌的精细调节，并且可能涉及全局调节剂和途径特异性调节剂，它们通常由与骨架基因和定制酶存在于同一基因簇中的基因编码。在灰黄霉素的基因簇中，先前鉴定出两个推定的转录因子，由基因gsfR1和gsfR2编码，并且在当前工作中已经研究了它们的作用。P的分析。缺少这两个基因的灰黄霉素基因敲除突变体表明gsfR2形成了不同途径的一部分，并且gsfR1表现出许多作用谱，充当了灰黄霉素和棒曲霉素生物合成的调节剂，并影响了分生孢子的产生和苹果的毒力。gsfR1的分析该启动子显示，响应许多环境刺激（例如碳和氮），灰黄霉素生物合成的调节也受全球调节剂的控制。进一步研究和验证了碳和氮对灰黄霉素产量的影响，揭示了一个复杂的响应网络，并证实了gsfR1在P的许多过程中的核心作用。灰黄霉素。