Abstract There is rising international concern about the zoonotic origins of many global pandemics. Increasing human-animal interactions are perceived as driving factors in pathogen transfer, emphasising the close relationships between human, animal and environmental health. Contemporary livelihood and market patterns tend to degrade ecosystems and their services, driving a cycle of degradation in increasingly tightly linked socio-ecological systems. This contributes to reductions in the natural regulating capacities of ecosystem services to limit disease transfer from animals to humans. It also undermines natural resource availability, compromising measures such as washing and sanitation that may be key to managing subsequent human-to-human disease transmission. Human activities driving this degrading cycle tend to convert beneficial ecosystem service into disservices, exacerbating risks related to zoonotic diseases. Conversely, measures to protect or restore ecosystems constitute investment in foundational capital, enhancing their capacities to provide for greater human security and opportunity. We use the DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State change-Impact-Response) framework to explore three aspects of zoonotic diseases: (1) the significance of disease regulation ecosystem services and their degradation in the emergence of Covid-19 and other zoonotic diseases, and of the protection of natural resources as mitigating contributions to both; (2) regulating human-to-human disease transfer; and (3) treatment of disease outbreaks. From this analysis, we identify a set of appropriate response options, recognising the foundational roles of ecosystems and the services they provide in risk management. Zoonotic disease risks are ultimately interlinked with biodiversity crises and water insecurity. The need to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic ongoing at the time of writing creates an opportunity for systemic policy change, placing scientific knowledge of the value and services of ecosystems at the heart of societal concerns as a key foundation for a more secure future. Rapid political responses and unprecedented economic stimuli reacting to the pandemic demonstrate that systemic change is achievable at scale and pace, and is also therefore transferrable to other existential, global-scale threats including climate change and the ‘biodiversity crisis’. This also highlights the need for concerted global action, and is also consistent with the duties, and ultimately the self-interests, of developed, donor nations.

中文翻译：

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生态系统在缓解和管理 Covid-19 及其他人畜共患病中的作用


摘要 国际社会对许多全球流行病的人畜共患病起源越来越关注。人与动物相互作用的增加被认为是病原体转移的驱动因素，强调了人类、动物和环境健康之间的密切关系。当代生计和市场模式往往会导致生态系统及其服务退化，从而导致日益紧密联系的社会生态系统陷入退化循环。这导致生态系统服务的自然调节能力降低，以限制疾病从动物传播给人类。它还破坏了自然资源的可用性，损害了清洗和卫生等措施，而这些措施可能是控制后续人际疾病传播的关键。推动这种退化循环的人类活动往往会将有益的生态系统服务转化为损害，从而加剧与人畜共患疾病相关的风险。相反，保护或恢复生态系统的措施构成对基础资本的投资，增强其为人类提供更大安全和机会的能力。我们使用DPSIR（驱动因素-压力-状态变化-影响-响应）框架来探讨人畜共患疾病的三个方面：（1）疾病调节生态系统服务及其退化在Covid-19和其他人畜共患疾病出现中的重要性，以及保护自然资源可以减轻对两者的贡献； (2) 调节人与人之间的疾病传播； (3) 疾病暴发的治疗。根据这一分析，我们确定了一组适当的应对方案，认识到生态系统及其在风险管理中提供的服务的基本作用。 人畜共患疾病风险最终与生物多样性危机和水不安全相互关联。在撰写本文时，应对 Covid-19 大流行的需要为系统性政策变革创造了机会，将生态系统价值和服务的科学知识置于社会关注的核心，作为更安全的未来的关键基础。针对这一流行病的快速政治反应和前所未有的经济刺激表明，系统性变革在规模和速度上是可以实现的，因此也可以转移到其他存在的全球范围的威胁，包括气候变化和“生物多样性危机”。这也凸显了采取协调一致的全球行动的必要性，也符合发达国家捐助国的义务，并最终符合其自身利益。