Diabetes is a pathological condition that requires the continuous monitoring of glucose level in the blood. Its control has been tremendously improved by the application of point-of-care devices. Conventional enzyme-based sensors with electrochemical and optical transduction systems can successfully measure the glucose concentration in human blood, but they suffer from the low stability of the enzyme. Non-enzymatic wearable electrochemical and optical sensors, with low-cost, high stability, point-of-care testing and online monitoring of glucose levels in biological fluids, have recently been developed and can help to manage and control diabetes worldwide. Advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have enabled the development of novel nanomaterials that can be implemented for the use in enzyme-free systems to detect glucose. This review summarizes recent developments of enzyme-free electrochemical and optical glucose sensors, as well as their respective wearable and commercially available devices, capable of detecting glucose at physiological pH conditions without the need to pretreat the biological fluids. Additionally, the evolution of electrochemical glucose sensor technology and a couple of widely used optical detection systems along with the glucose detection mechanism is also discussed. Finally, this review addresses limitations and challenges of current non-enzymatic electrochemical, optical, and wearable glucose sensor technologies and highlights opportunities for future research directions.

糖尿病是一种病理状况，需要连续监测血液中的葡萄糖水平。通过使用即时医疗设备，极大地改善了其控制能力。具有电化学和光学转导系统的常规基于酶的传感器可以成功地测量人血中的葡萄糖浓度，但是它们遭受酶的低稳定性的困扰。非酶可穿戴的电化学和光学传感器，具有低成本，高稳定性，即时检验和在线监测生物流体中葡萄糖水平的技术，最近已经开发出来，可以帮助全世界控制和控制糖尿病。纳米科学和纳米技术的进步使得新型纳米材料的开发成为可能，这种新型纳米材料可用于无酶系统中以检测葡萄糖。这篇综述总结了无酶电化学和光学葡萄糖传感器及其各自的可穿戴和市售设备的最新发展，这些传感器能够在生理pH条件下检测葡萄糖而无需预处理生物液体。此外，还讨论了电化学葡萄糖传感器技术的发展以及几个广泛使用的光学检测系统以及葡萄糖检测机制。最后，本综述解决了当前非酶电化学，光学和可穿戴葡萄糖传感器技术的局限性和挑战，并强调了未来研究方向的机会。能够在生理pH条件下检测葡萄糖，而无需预处理生物液体。此外，还讨论了电化学葡萄糖传感器技术的发展以及几个广泛使用的光学检测系统以及葡萄糖检测机制。最后，本综述解决了当前非酶电化学，光学和可穿戴葡萄糖传感器技术的局限性和挑战，并强调了未来研究方向的机会。能够在生理pH条件下检测葡萄糖，而无需预处理生物液体。此外，还讨论了电化学葡萄糖传感器技术的发展以及几个广泛使用的光学检测系统以及葡萄糖检测机制。最后，本综述解决了当前非酶电化学，光学和可穿戴葡萄糖传感器技术的局限性和挑战，并强调了未来研究方向的机会。