Accumulated evidence suggests that peptides play diverse roles in various aspects of plant growth and development. Therefore, many research groups have developed and utilized new methods for the identification of peptides in different organisms. Nevertheless, the number and diversity of identified peptides remain lower than expected. In addition, the number of identified peptides is underestimated because of their low endogenous concentrations and, consequently, technical difficulties with their isolation. Additionally, while some types of peptides undergo functional maturation via proteolytic processing or post-translational modifications, which are important for their biological activity, most of the enzymes involved in the maturation of peptides have not yet been identified. Together, these factors indicate that the investigation of peptides is in its beginning stages in plants, as in other organisms. This review summarizes the biosynthesis mechanisms, identification tools, post-translational modifications, and biological functions of plant peptides, and the importance of post-translational modifications in peptide activity.

中文翻译：

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植物肽的产生机理，结构特征和翻译后修饰

积累的证据表明，肽在植物生长和发育的各个方面发挥着不同的作用。因此，许多研究小组已经开发并利用了新方法来鉴定不同生物中的肽。然而，鉴定出的肽的数量和多样性仍然低于预期。另外，由于低的内源性浓度以及因此的分离技术困难，被鉴定的肽的数量被低估了。另外，尽管某些类型的肽通过蛋白水解加工或翻译后修饰进行功能成熟，这对于它们的生物学活性是重要的，但尚未鉴定出参与肽成熟的大多数酶。一起，这些因素表明，与其他生物一样，在植物中对肽的研究还处于起步阶段。这篇综述总结了植物肽的生物合成机制，鉴定工具，翻译后修饰和生物学功能，以及翻译后修饰对肽活性的重要性。