In plants, exposure to temperature extremes, heavy metal-contaminated soils, drought, air pollutants, and pathogens results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that alter the intracellular redox environment, which in turn influences signaling pathways and cell fate. As part of their response to these stresses, plants produce ascorbate and glutathione. Since ascorbate is an essential metabolite implicated in vital cell functions, it is surprising that the pathway of ascorbate synthesis in plants remains to be fully established which involve various intermediates, namely GDP-mannose, GDP-l-galactose, l-galactose, and l-galactono-1,4-lactone. On the other hand, glutathione acts as an antioxidant by quenching ROS and is involved in the ascorbate–glutathione cycle that eliminates damaging peroxides. Two enzymes catalyze glutathione synthesis: glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase. Here, we explore the biosynthesis/functions of ascorbate and glutathione not only in relation to stress conditions, but also in the wider contexts of plant development and environmental responses.

中文翻译：

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缓解抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽途径的收敛

在植物中，暴露于极端温度，重金属污染的土壤，干旱，空气污染物和病原体中会导致活性氧（ROS）的产生，从而改变细胞内的氧化还原环境，进而影响信号传导途径和细胞命运。作为对这些压力的反应的一部分，植物产生抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽。由于抗坏血酸是在重要的细胞功能牵涉的主要代谢物，令人惊奇的是抗坏血酸合成的植物遗体的通路被完全建立了涉及各种中间体，即GDP-甘露糖，GDP-升半乳糖，升半乳糖，和升-半乳糖-1,4-内酯。另一方面，谷胱甘肽通过淬灭ROS起到抗氧化剂的作用，并参与了抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环，从而消除了有害的过氧化物。两种酶催化谷胱甘肽的合成：谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶和谷胱甘肽合成酶。在这里，我们不仅在压力条件下，而且在植物发育和环境响应的更广泛背景下，探索抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的生物合成/功能。