The evolution of insecticide resistance mechanisms in natural populations of Anopheles malaria vectors is a major public health concern across Africa. Using genome sequence data, we study the evolution of resistance mutations in the resistance to dieldrin locus (Rdl), a GABA receptor targeted by several insecticides, but most notably by the long-discontinued cyclodiene, dieldrin. The two Rdl resistance mutations (296G and 296S) spread across West and Central African Anopheles via two independent hard selective sweeps that included likely compensatory nearby mutations, and were followed by a rare combination of introgression across species (from A. gambiae and A. arabiensis to A. coluzzii) and across nonconcordant karyotypes of the 2La chromosomal inversion. Rdl resistance evolved in the 1950s as the first known adaptation to a large-scale insecticide-based intervention, but the evolutionary lessons from this system highlight contemporary and future dangers for management strategies designed to combat development of resistance in malaria vectors.

中文翻译：

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非洲按蚊杀虫剂靶点 Rdl 的进化是由种间和核型间渗入驱动的。


按蚊疟疾病媒自然种群中杀虫剂抗药性机制的演变是整个非洲的一个主要公共卫生问题。利用基因组序列数据，我们研究了狄氏剂基因座( Rdl ) 抗性突变的演变，狄氏剂基因座是多种杀虫剂的 GABA 受体，但最引人注目的是长期停产的环二烯狄氏剂。两种Rdl抗性突变（ 296G和296S ）通过两次独立的硬选择性扫描在西非和中非按蚊传播，其中包括可能的补偿性附近突变，随后是跨物种（来自冈比亚按蚊和阿拉伯按蚊）的罕见组合基因渗入到A. coluzzii ）以及 2La 染色体倒位的不一致核型。 Rdl抗性在 20 世纪 50 年代演变为已知的对大规模杀虫剂干预措施的第一个适应，但该系统的进化教训凸显了旨在对抗疟疾病媒抗性发展的管理策略当前和未来的危险。