In development and in homeostatic maintenance of tissues, stem cells and progenitor cells are constantly subjected to forces. These forces can lead to significant changes in gene expression and function of stem cells, mediating self-renewal, lineage specification, and even loss of function. One of the ways that has been proposed to mediate these functional changes in stem cells is nuclear mechanotransduction - the process by which forces are converted to signals in the nucleus. The purpose of this review is to discuss the means by which mechanical signals are transduced into the nucleus, through the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex and other nuclear envelope transmembrane (NET) proteins, which connect the cytoskeleton to the nucleus. We discuss how LINC/NETs confers tissue-specific mechanosensitivity to cells and further elucidate how LINC/NETs acts as a control center for nuclear mechanical signals, regulating both gene expression and chromatin organization. Throughout, we primarily focus on stem cell-specific examples, notwithstanding that this is a nascent field. We conclude by highlighting open questions and pointing the way to enhanced research efforts to understand the role nuclear mechanotransduction plays in cell fate choice.

中文翻译：

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干细胞中的核机械转导。

在组织的发育和稳态维持过程中，干细胞和祖细胞不断受到力量的影响。这些力量会导致干细胞的基因表达和功能发生显着变化，介导自我更新、谱系规范，甚至功能丧失。已提出介导干细胞中这些功能变化的方法之一是核机械转导 - 力在细胞核中转化为信号的过程。本综述的目的是讨论机械信号通过核骨架和细胞骨架 (LINC) 复合物和其他核被膜跨膜 (NET) 蛋白的接头，将细胞骨架连接到细胞核的方式。我们讨论了 LINC/NETs 如何赋予细胞组织特异性机械敏感性，并进一步阐明 LINC/NETs 如何作为核机械信号的控制中心，调节基因表达和染色质组织。在整个过程中，我们主要关注特定于干细胞的示例，尽管这是一个新兴领域。最后，我们强调开放性问题并指出加强研究工作的方式，以了解核机械转导在细胞命运选择中的作用。