Multicellular organisms are complex biological systems, composed of specialized tissues that require coordination of the metabolic and fitness state of each component. In the cells composing the tissues, one central organelle is the mitochondrion, a compartment essential for many energetic and fundamental biological processes. Beyond serving these functions, mitochondria have emerged as signaling hubs in biological systems, capable of inducing changes to the cell they are in, to cells in distal tissues through secreted factors, and to overall animal physiology. Here, we describe our current understanding of these communication mechanisms in the context of mitochondrial stress. We focus on cellular mechanisms that deal with perturbations to the mitochondrial proteome and outline recent advances in understanding how local perturbations can affect distal tissues and animal physiology in model organisms. Finally, we discuss recent findings of these responses associated with metabolic and age‐associated diseases in mammalian systems, and how they may be employed as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

中文翻译：

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线粒体应激的全身作用。

多细胞生物是复杂的生物系统，由专门的组织组成，需要协调每个成分的代谢和适应性状态。在组成组织的细胞中，一个中央细胞器是线粒体，它是许多能量和基本生物学过程必不可少的部分。线粒体不仅具有这些功能，还已经成为生物系统中的信号传递枢纽，能够通过分泌因子诱导其所在细胞，远端组织中的细胞以及整个动物生理发生变化。在这里，我们描述了我们在线粒体应激情况下对这些通讯机制的当前理解。我们关注于处理线粒体蛋白质组扰动的细胞机制，并概述了了解局部扰动如何影响模型生物的远端组织和动物生理的最新进展。最后，我们讨论了哺乳动物系统中与代谢和年龄相关疾病相关的这些反应的最新发现，以及如何将其用作诊断和治疗工具。