This paper studies the procurement and pricing of inertial response using a frequency-constrained unit commitment formulation, which co-optimizes the provision of energy and inertia services while accounting for their complementary properties. The proposed approach builds on a two-step process that allows to differentiate between the units being online for energy purposes and the ones committed additionally solely for inertia provision. Subsequently, three novel pricing and payment schemes that reimburse inertia providers in a transparent and fair manner according to their individual participation are proposed. The analysis considers both synchronous and converter-based generators and provides insights regarding the impact of each pricing scheme on total system cost, as well as on the investment signals for technologies capable of offering affordable inertial response. The results show that all three methods will have a beneficial impact on frequency stability and aid the operator in ensuring system reliability, whereas the policy implications to different inertia providing units will vary between the payment schemes.

中文翻译：

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逆变器主导的电力系统中惯性的经济评估和定价

本文使用频率受限的单位承诺公式研究惯性响应的采购和定价，该公式在考虑到它们的互补特性的同时，共同优化了能源和惯性服务的提供。提议的方法建立在一个两步过程的基础上，该过程允许区分出于能源目的而在线的单元和仅用于提供惯性的单元。随后，提出了三种新颖的定价和支付方案，根据他们的个人参与以透明和公平的方式补偿惯性提供者。该分析同时考虑了同步发电机和基于变流器的发电机，并提供了有关每种定价方案对系统总成本的影响的见解，以及能够提供负担得起的惯性响应的技术的投资信号。结果表明，所有三种方法都将对频率稳定性产生有益影响并帮助运营商确保系统可靠性，而对不同惯性提供单位的政策影响将因支付方案而异。